The First Amendment Anti-Discrimination Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2613 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/24 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? Introduction A baker started his day with a prayer and a cup of coffee. He collects all the ingredients for his cake recipe when a gay couple walks in and asks for a wedding cake, completely unaware of what would come for him after this July afternoon. In Masterpiece Cakeshop Inc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The First Amendment Anti-Discrimination Law" essay for you Create order v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the court sheds light on the tensions between the First Amendment and Anti-discrimination laws, attempting to draw the line between individual freedoms and discrimination. The outcome of this case would fuel the ongoing fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States, especially under the new administration. The Supreme Court not only decides whether the application of Colorado’s Anti-discrimination law violates Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses, but also how to balance the conflict between religion and homosexuality in today’s society. Roadmap This paper explains the facts of the Masterpiece Cakeshop case and highlights the relevant law and decision of the Colorado Court of Appeals. The paper discusses the issues at hand and pinpoints what the Supreme Court has to decide. It will provide a detailed explanation of the rationale of the Colorado Court of Appeals and touch upon the petitioner’s argument. Through a close analysis of both sources, this paper will explore the differences of the opposing parties and reveal the strengths and weakness of their arguments. Finally, the paper will conclude by proposing that the Supreme Court should uphold the Colorado Court of Appeals judgement. Statement of facts of the case In Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the petitioners were Colorado Civil Rights Commission on behalf of Charlie Craig, and David Mullins and the respondents were Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc. and Jack C. Phillips. In Lakewood, Colorado, Craig and Mullins visited Masterpiece Cakeshop and asked Phillips to design and bake their wedding cake to celebrate their same-sex marriage. Philips politely declined and explained that he does not make wedding cakes for same-sex weddings because of his religious beliefs; however, he willingly offered to provide other baked goods as alternatives. Craig and Mullins filed discrimination charges on the basis of sexual orientation under the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act. Craig and Mullins also filed a complaint with the Office of Administrative Courts claiming that Masterpiece had discriminated against them in a public accommodation because of their sexual orientation, also in violation of the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Ac t. The parties did not dispute any material facts and therefore filed cross-motions for summary judgement. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the Commission’s decision in favor of the respondents. Masterpiece and Phillips appealed. Recitation of the relevant law There are two laws relevant in this case. The First Amendment prohibits laws â€Å"abridging the freedom of speech† and prevents congress from making laws that â€Å"prohibit the free exercise of religion.† The Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (CADA) states that it is unlawful for a 2 person to refuse, withhold, or deny to an individual or a group â€Å"because of †¦ sexual orientation †¦ the full and equal enjoyment of goods services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission1 U.S. Constitution2 accommodations of a place of public accommodation.† In order to file a discrimination claim 3 under CADA, plaintiffs must prove intent and that the discriminatory action was based in whole or in part on their membership in the protected class. Statement of the issue and holding The issue is whether the application of the public accommodations law to design and bake a cake for a same-sex wedding, which conflicts with religious beliefs, violate the Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment. The Colorado Civil Rights Commission found Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. in violation of CADA. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed on the basis that the Colorado public accommodations law does not violate Phillips’ first amendment rights. The supreme court must decide if the application of the Colorado public accommodations law that compels Phillip to express beliefs that conflict with his religious views violates the Free Speech or Free Exercise Clauses protected under the First Amendment. Another issue is the scope of what constitutes â€Å"symbolically expressive† in warranting First Amendment protections. The court of appeals held that designing and creating a custom cake is a form of conduct and not expressive speech. The Supreme Court m ust also determine whether or not the art of baking constitutes speech or conduct. Explanation of the rationale of the court of appeals The Colorado Court of Appeals referred to previous United States Supreme Court decisions to support their rationale. Masterpiece asserted that its refusal to serve Craig and Mullin was solely because of their intended conduct to enter a same-sex marriage, and not â€Å"because of† their sexual orientation. The Supreme Court recognized that distinctions between discrimination based on status and discrimination closely related with status were generally inappropriate. When conduct is so closely correlated with a status, the conduct is predominantly performed by people with that status: Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals predominantly engage in same-sex marriage. Masterpiece admitted that it refused to serve Craig and Mullin because of its opposition to same-sex marriage, which the court established as closely correlated to sexual orientation. Conseq uently, the court can reasonably assume that Masterpiece’s decision involved an intent to discriminate because of sexual orientation. The court of appeals also referred to the Supreme Court decision in Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock 309 P.3d 533, 60-64. In 2006, Vanessa Willock attempted to hire Elane Photography to take pictures during her wedding ceremony; however, Elane Photography refused to provide service due to the owner’s Christian beliefs. In 2012, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that New Mexico’s anti-discrimination law extends to protect â€Å"conduct that is inextricably tied to sexual orientation.† They also referred to Elane Photography, LLC v. 5 Willock to address Masterpiece’s claim that it did not completely refuse service by offering alternative goods. Elane Photography offered other services; however, offering alternatives does not change the fact that it refused to provide services offered to the public. The court also raised the issue of whether the Commission’s cease and desist order violated the First Amendment by requiring Masterpiece to make cakes for same-sex weddings. In order to decide if conduct is â€Å"inherently expressive,† the court must determine if there were any intentions of conveying a message and whether â€Å"the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by those who viewed it.† The conduct in question was the Colorado government’s mandate that Masterpiece must comply with CADA. The court concluded that selling wedding cakes to all customers, regardless of sexual orientation, does not communicate a celebratory message about same-sex weddings to a reasonable observer. It reasoned that the public would have no way of knowing if Masterpiece decided to serve their customers because of its views on same-sex marriage. The court also deduced that the fact that a business charges for its services reduces the likelihood that someone would believe that Masterpiece supports the message reflected in its products. The court made another reference to Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock 309 P.3d 533, 60-64. In 2012, New Mexico Supreme Court held that â€Å"while photography may be expressive, the operation of a photography business is not.† New Mexico’s public accommodations law did not force the 7photographer to convey a message, but rather mandated tha t the business as a public accommodation cannot discriminate against potential clients. By precedence, the court similarly concluded that CADA did not compel expressive conduct. Masterpiece’s argument (that the Commission focused on the conduct rather than the product) prompts the threshold question whether the compelled conduct was â€Å"sufficiently expressive.† The court determined that the Commissions order was not â€Å"sufficiently expressive† to call for First Amendment protections. It recognized that a wedding cake may convey a certain message in some circumstances; however, Philips refused service before discussing the cake’s design and hence, evidence of Craig’s and Mullin’s wedding cake details were not relevant to the case. The court also held that under CADA, Masterpiece is not obligated to agree with the views of its customers and can out rightly say so. By doing so, â€Å"such a message would have the effect of disassociating Masterpiece from its customers’ conduct.† In dealing with Free Exercise of Religion, the court concluded that CADA is a neutral law of general applicability, and hence, does not violate the first amendment. To support its argument, the court referred to Smith, 494 U.S. at 877. In 1990, the court concluded that the Free exercise clause â€Å"does not relieve an individual of obligation to comply with a valid and neutral law of general applicability† on the basis that the law forbids action that the religion requires, and vice versa. If the law burdened a religious practice, the law must be justified with â€Å"compelling government interest.† The court held that CADA was generally applicable because 9 it did not exclusively exempt secular conduct. In response to Masterpiece’s claim that CADA was not generally applicable because of its exemptions for bona fide relationships, the court mentioned that such circumstances do not discriminate on the basis of religion, and on face value, apply to both religious and secular conducts. CADA only exempts public accommodations that are principally used for religious purposes. The court also concluded that CADA was neutral. Masterpiece argued that CADA was not neutral because it exempts entities used for religious purposes, but not Masterpiece. The court held that Masterpiece was not exempt because the bakery was not primarily used for religious purposes. The court also added that, logically, the existence of an exemption for religious entities undermined the claim that the law discriminated against Masterpiece’s religious standpoint. The court of appeal concluded by establishing that the hybrid rights claim did not apply because the court had already decided that the Commissions cease and desist order did not violate Masterpiece’s right to expression. The court also held that, although the Colorado Constitution requires that it reviews neutral laws of general applicability under strict scrutiny, Colorado appellate courts have consistently relied on federal precedent when reviewing free exercise claims. The court concluded that CADA is â€Å"rationally related† to Colorado’s interest in eliminating discrimination in public accommodations. It mentioned that discrimination based on sexual orientation, especially in places of public accommodation, have adverse economic effects. Explanation of the petitioner’s argument The Petitioner focused on four main arguments against the holdings of the Colorado Court of Appeals. First, the petitioner claimed that the court reasoning conflicted with the Supreme Court’s compelled speech precedent, in that the court of appeals held that the state can compel Phillips to create a wedding cake that promotes a message he did not agree with and rob him of ownership over any message portrayed in his art. In other words, Phillip’s custom wedding cakes constitute speech and therefore, the state cannot compel him to create speech. Secondly, the petitioner argued that the holding that Phillip’s art was conduct and not speech directly conflicts with rulings by the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits. The Ninth and Eleventh courts essentially determined that the art of tattooing was pure expression â€Å"entitled to full constitutional protection.† The petitioner argued that the Ninth and Eleventh Circuit would have concluded that Phillip’s custom wedding cakes were pure speech. By minimizing the â€Å"creative process† as merely actions, the court of appeals avoided strong precedent against compelled speech. Alongside arguing that the court’s decision (that artistic cakes are non-expressive) fuels conflict in what is considered expressive, the petitioner believed that the ruling that Phillips violated CADA conflicts with the Supreme Court’s free-exercise precedent and the decisions by the Third, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits. The petitioner argued that by rejecting religious beliefs as a valid reason for declining an order, the Commission â€Å"singled out† Phillips’ religion for â€Å"discriminatory treatment.† In similar cases, the Commission considered the baker’s objection as â€Å"message-based† except of Phillips . Analysis The biggest difference in interpretation lies in logical versus emotional approach of the opposing parties. The court of appeals argued that the commissions order, â€Å"even if compelled by the government,† did not warrant first amendment protections because it was not sufficiently expressive. However, the petitioner argued that the mere idea that the government can compel conduct, even if it is justified, violated the constitution. Hence, the compelled speech doctrine should cease to exist on the basis that historically and in this case, the government had overstepped and â€Å"magnified the intrusiveness† of its order. Like the state cannot force people to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, it cannot force Phillips to conceive and form art that delivers a message that he does not agree with. Yet, the court of appeals explicitly stated that the compelled conduct was just that Masterpiece act in accordance with CADA by not basing its decision to serve a client on sexual orientation. If Masterpiece wishes to sell wedding cakes to heterosexual couple, it must also sell wedding cakes to same-sex couples in the same manner. Though the appeal of the petitioner’s argument lied in the idea that Colorado expects him to develop a custom design that celebrates homosexual marital union and physically create a wedding cake, which is typically very labor-intensive, the argument falls short by not distinguishing Phillips as a cake artist from that of a hairdresser or caterer. To add, the petitioner did not take into consideration that Phillips declined to serve Craig and Mullins before even discussing what they wanted in their wedding cake. As reflected in the explanation of the rationale of the court, the court of appeals took a very logical and organized approach when ruling that Phillips’ custom wedding cakes was conduct. The court could not determine if Craig’s and Mullin’s desired wedding cake constituted symbolic speech because, again, Philips declined Craig’s and Mullin’s request before any discussion about the cakes design. The petitioner responded by referring to the Ninth Circuit holding in Anderson v. City of Hermosa Beach, where the Ninth Circuit ruled that a tattoo is a form of expression â€Å"entitled to full constitutional protection.† It held that speech should not lose First Amendment protections based on the kind of surface it is applied. The petitioner argues that Phillip’s cakes are no less art than tattoos, composed of words, abstract or realistic images, and symbols, â€Å"all of which are protected forms of expression.† Although the petition er claims that the court of appeals â€Å"evaded strong precedent† by declaring the art of baking wedding cakes as conduct, there is doubt whether the Ninth Circuit holding can even apply. The tattoo parlor did not violate any law, where Masterpiece cake shop ran into conflict with the public accommodations act. At this point, the petitioner seems to be picking at strings in efforts to work around the structured approach of the court of appeals, perhaps attempting to draw sympathy from the Supreme Court. It is also interesting to note the emotional, descriptive, emotional diction in the petitioner’s argument as contrasted to concise, stern diction of the court of appeals. Conclusion The Supreme Court should affirm the Court of Appeals decision that the Colorado public accommodations law does not violate Phillips’ first amendment rights. Although a grey area exists in where to draw the line between discrimination and freedom of speech or religion, the Court of Appeals proposed the stronger argument. At the end of the day, CADA is not telling Masterpiece to completely alter his views on same-sex marriage, but rather, to simply offer service to all people, regardless of sexual orientation, if it wishes to operate as a public entity. As mentioned earlier, this case plays a huge role in ongoing fight for LGBTQ rights.

Public Health Policy And The Care Crisis - 942 Words

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Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics Free Essays

Natural resources essentially belong to everybody else if we are to agree with the presumption that resources are originally made available for the inhabitants of the planet including animals, plants and humans (L. 172). Not surprisingly, contemporary movements have rapidly spread across the globe like wildfire, pushing for the proper allocation of resources as well as the proper handling or management of these resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The foundation for the claims of several pro-environment organizations is the idea that natural resources are for public consumption under controllable or permissible amounts. But how do we know if what we are taking is just in the proper number? How do we know if we already exceed the threshold? Part of the answers to these critical questions can be traced from the idea that human beings worldwide use various natural resources in many ways (Freeman 35). In more recent times, the global population of human beings has increased sharply, especially in countries that fall under the less-developed nations. With the economic status of every country responsible in a way to the total wealth of these nations, it is inevitable that an unstable economy will bring about harsh impacts to the living conditions of its citizens. And while the population mounts incredibly every year, the lowered economic stability of the less-developed countries will most likely prompt those who belong to the lowest point of the social ladder to obtain whatever they can from the natural resources (Burns 444). As one will observe, an increasing number of people whose lives depend on the immediate or at least available natural resources will most probably result to a sharper decline in the quantity and quality of these natural resources. Take for example India whose population outnumbers almost every country in the world. With a steady growth of the population and with a national economy just enough to supplement the lives of a few, the people of India tend to obtain whatever they can from the country’s natural resources (Bach 157). Sum all of these individuals altogether by the millions and the decline in the quality and quantity of the natural resources will proportionally decrease—or perhaps even more than that. This and other related issues involved in the dwindling of the natural resources have caught the attention of the world. This indicates that the problem is not a small one that easily abates. Rather, having the rest of the world pin their attention to the central problem of handling natural resources is a huge indicator that the problem existing are serious. Further, it also indicates the idea that the world may have taken more than what it needs or, at the least, the world has consumed beyond the amount it can handle. In fact, the very existence of the problem of the dwindling of the natural resources is enough to indicate that the limit has been reached and the time to recess from activities that consume a lot of these resources should be taken urgently (Randall 144). Yet it remains a fact as well that people need these natural resources in order to live. Natural resources such as fossil fuels and water are primary elements that comprise the needs of almost every other nation in the world. While fossil fuels and water both share the primary goal of prolonging the life of man and the society, their depreciating amounts and quality both share several effects (Knight 183). Nevertheless, it is beyond question and doubt that these natural resources are needed to further the lives and activities of mankind. And in order to completely realize this goal, it must also be the case that humanity should learn how to preserve what little they have left. Otherwise, these natural resources may soon dry up or degrade in quality. Thus, numerous global efforts have since been established in order to meet and counter the unwanted effects of overusing or abusing the remaining natural resources. At the core of all these efforts dwells the central message that the environment must be protected in order to meet these established goals. One example to this is the fact that a number of countries resort to crafting legislations that seek to undermine the perceived ill-effects of a nation bereft of natural resources. Private entities and non-government organizations also share an equally significant role in deterring these unwanted effects of the decline in the natural resources. There are various measures being advocated and called for by numerous environmental organizations that operate in many different countries. Nevertheless, the point is that the environment must be preserved and protected for human life depends on it as well as the coming generations. However, it remains a fact as well that there are already existing and proliferating problems with regard to the depletion and overconsumption of the natural resources that the world has left. This is why there are organizations that seek to combat these unwanted instances. Quite apart from the fact that the government has a significant role in countering the dwindling amounts of natural resources (Cotner 90), big and private corporations also share an equal amount of responsibility—if not more—in sustaining the natural wealth in the environment. Yet there is the presence of the negative conditions of these natural resources. This only indicates the idea that tasks were not properly enforced or performed in protecting the environment. The decline in the natural resources can be attributed to the lack of rules and regulations that prohibit and prescribe certain actions of man towards the environment. With the absence of laws that seek to sustain and uplift the status of the environment, it is no surprise that there exist the corresponding effects on the natural resources. Moreover, the lack of governmental commitment in addressing these issues also contributes to the continuing degradation of these resources (Toothman 69). Another thing is that there are corporations and other business establishments that utilize a certain fraction of the natural resources yet fail to meet or at least craft proper business ethics that will guide their company’s actions in the proper path. Without these ethical principles of conduct, business establishments then have all the freedom to consume everything they want more than what they need and to use them in whatever possible way one can conceive of. The protection of these natural resources should not be taken to mean as a sole responsibility of the government or of the corporations. Rather, public and private individuals should also take part in the call for the protection of the environment. Environmental groups can lobby in congress possible bills that will address the existing environmental problems or will ensure the protection of the natural resources by imposing functional sanctions to those who seek to deter the law with regard to the environment (Kinney A144). The congress is one of the most recognizable public places that give voice to individuals and groups that further goals that concern the entire nation and even the rest of the world. One of the most notable examples to the volumes of campaigns that have been pushed forward under the banner of environmental protection is the campaign of Al Gore. In his seminar documentary entitled An Inconvenient Truth, Gore discloses before the public the root causes, existing conditions, and future implications of global warming (Tenenbaum A366). His campaign does not only involve the call for a larger and more unified response from the people all over the world. Rather, his campaign also gives full credit to the simple efforts individuals do in their homes and in their locality in order to preserve the natural resources and reverse the ill conditions that beset our natural environment today. There are still many unheard-of documentaries and seminars worldwide that seek not only to inform the public and increase their awareness on the issues that tackle natural resources but also provide alternatives and solutions to the lifestyles and habits of humanity that appear as one of the root causes of the degradation of the natural resources. It remains a fact that there are already existing efforts in countering, or at least lessening, the current environmental degradation we have today. It also sends us the idea that while there are environmental groups that seek to promote the status of the environment our natural resources can never be safely returned to its healthy state. The more important question remains: how do we save our environment for the coming generations? Before solutions can ever be thrown upon this question, one must first recognize the more essential question: who has the responsibility? The answer seems obvious as the fact remains that natural resources primarily belong to the public—hence, the idea that the responsibility dwells not on a single group or individual but to every other person in the world, who has existed, is existing, and will exist. Part of being human is the necessity to preserve the natural resources that contribute to the very existence of the whole humanity. Yet the list of the responsible people does not simply end there. Rather, it is only the beginning of a grander scheme—that is, governments and corporations are also required to partake in the global efforts to salvage the natural resources and prevent them from eventually being consumed in whole with nothing left but memories in the basin of human forgetfulness. This brings us back to the first question posed: how do we save our environment for the generations to come? The answer may seem trivial and difficult to comprehend at first. Yet, it seems that nothing can be easier to answer than the question just given basically because human consumption necessitates human awareness of what is being consumed. What are being consumed are the natural resources of the world which belong to the public. By being aware that these natural resources are in limited supply, proper care must be given to these resources through every possible means no matter how big or how small it may be. To save the environment for the next generation means to come up with all things possible in order to prolong the remaining resources, and to come up with these things is to be able to actualize them no matter where the individual resides or what group he or she belongs to. References Bach, George Leland. â€Å"Economic Requisites for Economic Stability.† The American Economic Review 40.2 (1950): 157. Burns, Arthur. â€Å"Progress Towards Economic Stability.† The American Economic Review 50.3 (1960): 444. Cotner, Melvin L. â€Å"A Policy for Public Investments in Natural Resources.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics 51.1 (1969): 90. Freeman, Otis W. â€Å"Natural Resources and Urban Development.† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242 (1945): 35. Kinney, Joe. â€Å"Addressing Global Warming.† Environmental Health Perspectives 111.3 (2003): A144. Knight, Richard L. â€Å"On Improving the Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: A Comment.† The Journal of Wildlife Management 57.1 (1993): 183. L., W. â€Å"The Real Origins of Property in Natural Resources.† American Journal of Economics and Sociology 45.2 (1986): 172. Randall, Robert H. â€Å"Conservation of Natural Resources.† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 206 (1939): 144. Tenenbaum, David J. â€Å"Global Warming. The Soot Factor.† Environmental Health Perspectives 109.8 (2001): A366. Toothman, Stephanie S. â€Å"Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System.† The Public Historian 9.2 (1987): 69. How to cite Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics, Essay examples Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics Free Essays Natural resources essentially belong to everybody else if we are to agree with the presumption that resources are originally made available for the inhabitants of the planet including animals, plants and humans (L. 172). Not surprisingly, contemporary movements have rapidly spread across the globe like wildfire, pushing for the proper allocation of resources as well as the proper handling or management of these resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The foundation for the claims of several pro-environment organizations is the idea that natural resources are for public consumption under controllable or permissible amounts. But how do we know if what we are taking is just in the proper number? How do we know if we already exceed the threshold? Part of the answers to these critical questions can be traced from the idea that human beings worldwide use various natural resources in many ways (Freeman 35). In more recent times, the global population of human beings has increased sharply, especially in countries that fall under the less-developed nations. With the economic status of every country responsible in a way to the total wealth of these nations, it is inevitable that an unstable economy will bring about harsh impacts to the living conditions of its citizens. And while the population mounts incredibly every year, the lowered economic stability of the less-developed countries will most likely prompt those who belong to the lowest point of the social ladder to obtain whatever they can from the natural resources (Burns 444). As one will observe, an increasing number of people whose lives depend on the immediate or at least available natural resources will most probably result to a sharper decline in the quantity and quality of these natural resources. Take for example India whose population outnumbers almost every country in the world. With a steady growth of the population and with a national economy just enough to supplement the lives of a few, the people of India tend to obtain whatever they can from the country’s natural resources (Bach 157). Sum all of these individuals altogether by the millions and the decline in the quality and quantity of the natural resources will proportionally decrease—or perhaps even more than that. This and other related issues involved in the dwindling of the natural resources have caught the attention of the world. This indicates that the problem is not a small one that easily abates. Rather, having the rest of the world pin their attention to the central problem of handling natural resources is a huge indicator that the problem existing are serious. Further, it also indicates the idea that the world may have taken more than what it needs or, at the least, the world has consumed beyond the amount it can handle. In fact, the very existence of the problem of the dwindling of the natural resources is enough to indicate that the limit has been reached and the time to recess from activities that consume a lot of these resources should be taken urgently (Randall 144). Yet it remains a fact as well that people need these natural resources in order to live. Natural resources such as fossil fuels and water are primary elements that comprise the needs of almost every other nation in the world. While fossil fuels and water both share the primary goal of prolonging the life of man and the society, their depreciating amounts and quality both share several effects (Knight 183). Nevertheless, it is beyond question and doubt that these natural resources are needed to further the lives and activities of mankind. And in order to completely realize this goal, it must also be the case that humanity should learn how to preserve what little they have left. Otherwise, these natural resources may soon dry up or degrade in quality. Thus, numerous global efforts have since been established in order to meet and counter the unwanted effects of overusing or abusing the remaining natural resources. At the core of all these efforts dwells the central message that the environment must be protected in order to meet these established goals. One example to this is the fact that a number of countries resort to crafting legislations that seek to undermine the perceived ill-effects of a nation bereft of natural resources. Private entities and non-government organizations also share an equally significant role in deterring these unwanted effects of the decline in the natural resources. There are various measures being advocated and called for by numerous environmental organizations that operate in many different countries. Nevertheless, the point is that the environment must be preserved and protected for human life depends on it as well as the coming generations. However, it remains a fact as well that there are already existing and proliferating problems with regard to the depletion and overconsumption of the natural resources that the world has left. This is why there are organizations that seek to combat these unwanted instances. Quite apart from the fact that the government has a significant role in countering the dwindling amounts of natural resources (Cotner 90), big and private corporations also share an equal amount of responsibility—if not more—in sustaining the natural wealth in the environment. Yet there is the presence of the negative conditions of these natural resources. This only indicates the idea that tasks were not properly enforced or performed in protecting the environment. The decline in the natural resources can be attributed to the lack of rules and regulations that prohibit and prescribe certain actions of man towards the environment. With the absence of laws that seek to sustain and uplift the status of the environment, it is no surprise that there exist the corresponding effects on the natural resources. Moreover, the lack of governmental commitment in addressing these issues also contributes to the continuing degradation of these resources (Toothman 69). Another thing is that there are corporations and other business establishments that utilize a certain fraction of the natural resources yet fail to meet or at least craft proper business ethics that will guide their company’s actions in the proper path. Without these ethical principles of conduct, business establishments then have all the freedom to consume everything they want more than what they need and to use them in whatever possible way one can conceive of. The protection of these natural resources should not be taken to mean as a sole responsibility of the government or of the corporations. Rather, public and private individuals should also take part in the call for the protection of the environment. Environmental groups can lobby in congress possible bills that will address the existing environmental problems or will ensure the protection of the natural resources by imposing functional sanctions to those who seek to deter the law with regard to the environment (Kinney A144). The congress is one of the most recognizable public places that give voice to individuals and groups that further goals that concern the entire nation and even the rest of the world. One of the most notable examples to the volumes of campaigns that have been pushed forward under the banner of environmental protection is the campaign of Al Gore. In his seminar documentary entitled An Inconvenient Truth, Gore discloses before the public the root causes, existing conditions, and future implications of global warming (Tenenbaum A366). His campaign does not only involve the call for a larger and more unified response from the people all over the world. Rather, his campaign also gives full credit to the simple efforts individuals do in their homes and in their locality in order to preserve the natural resources and reverse the ill conditions that beset our natural environment today. There are still many unheard-of documentaries and seminars worldwide that seek not only to inform the public and increase their awareness on the issues that tackle natural resources but also provide alternatives and solutions to the lifestyles and habits of humanity that appear as one of the root causes of the degradation of the natural resources. It remains a fact that there are already existing efforts in countering, or at least lessening, the current environmental degradation we have today. It also sends us the idea that while there are environmental groups that seek to promote the status of the environment our natural resources can never be safely returned to its healthy state. The more important question remains: how do we save our environment for the coming generations? Before solutions can ever be thrown upon this question, one must first recognize the more essential question: who has the responsibility? The answer seems obvious as the fact remains that natural resources primarily belong to the public—hence, the idea that the responsibility dwells not on a single group or individual but to every other person in the world, who has existed, is existing, and will exist. Part of being human is the necessity to preserve the natural resources that contribute to the very existence of the whole humanity. Yet the list of the responsible people does not simply end there. Rather, it is only the beginning of a grander scheme—that is, governments and corporations are also required to partake in the global efforts to salvage the natural resources and prevent them from eventually being consumed in whole with nothing left but memories in the basin of human forgetfulness. This brings us back to the first question posed: how do we save our environment for the generations to come? The answer may seem trivial and difficult to comprehend at first. Yet, it seems that nothing can be easier to answer than the question just given basically because human consumption necessitates human awareness of what is being consumed. What are being consumed are the natural resources of the world which belong to the public. By being aware that these natural resources are in limited supply, proper care must be given to these resources through every possible means no matter how big or how small it may be. To save the environment for the next generation means to come up with all things possible in order to prolong the remaining resources, and to come up with these things is to be able to actualize them no matter where the individual resides or what group he or she belongs to. References Bach, George Leland. â€Å"Economic Requisites for Economic Stability.† The American Economic Review 40.2 (1950): 157. Burns, Arthur. â€Å"Progress Towards Economic Stability.† The American Economic Review 50.3 (1960): 444. Cotner, Melvin L. â€Å"A Policy for Public Investments in Natural Resources.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics 51.1 (1969): 90. Freeman, Otis W. â€Å"Natural Resources and Urban Development.† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 242 (1945): 35. Kinney, Joe. â€Å"Addressing Global Warming.† Environmental Health Perspectives 111.3 (2003): A144. Knight, Richard L. â€Å"On Improving the Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: A Comment.† The Journal of Wildlife Management 57.1 (1993): 183. L., W. â€Å"The Real Origins of Property in Natural Resources.† American Journal of Economics and Sociology 45.2 (1986): 172. Randall, Robert H. â€Å"Conservation of Natural Resources.† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 206 (1939): 144. Tenenbaum, David J. â€Å"Global Warming. The Soot Factor.† Environmental Health Perspectives 109.8 (2001): A366. Toothman, Stephanie S. â€Å"Cultural Resource Management in Natural Areas of the National Park System.† The Public Historian 9.2 (1987): 69. How to cite Natural Resources and Environmental Ethics, Essay examples

The Social and Economic Status and the Health Literacy

Question: How might the socioeconomic status and health literacy of your chosen group affect their access to good quality health care? Answer: The social and economic status and the health literacy of the disabled people and how it affects their access to good and quality health care Introduction The socio-economic status is generally defined as the combination of a number of vital necessities such house, profession and education. With regard to the person with disability the socio economic status is extremely poor for a wide number of reasons (Tolson, 2008). These people have a limited number of opportunities for income and they also have a lot of medical expenses. The entire family of the disabled people is affected as a result of the drawbacks. On the other hand health literacy can be considered as the capability to read and understand the use of information for making proper health decisions and follow the relevant instructions for the treatment. Research has shown that nearly fifty percent of patients generally do not understand the primary information related to healthcare (Tolson, 2008). When the health literacy decreases it minimizes the success rate of treatment and further increases the chances of error in medicine. In order to improve health literacy among people there has been a number of interventions that includes teach back methods, encouraging of patient questions and making improved health behaviors among people (Horridge and Wolff 2014). The given study is about the health literacy and social status of the people who are disabled and the conditions relating to the access to health care of these disabled people. The study explores the different avenues of the conditions of the disabled in the country and what are the health care problems they face as compared to the other non disabled patients (Sechoaro, Scrooby and Koen 2014). This study is a critical analysis of the status of the disabled in the country with regard to health care. Socio-economic status and health literacy of the disabled people Research has stated that among every five Australians at least one of them is disabled. Disabilities can occur at any point in any persons lifetime and among the kinds of disabilities some of them are visible while some have been latent. This happens irrespective of age, race, sex and social or economic backgrounds. However, people who are disabled are generally not recognized as the population group that is given priority in public health and practices relating to it. Even though there exists a huge population of disabled people in Australia there is very less evidence that shows this fact. The existing documents do not show that the health of the people with disability is bad as compared to the non disabled people having other diseases such as mental or oral health problems or people suffering from diabetes or obesity (Houghton 2012). Medical literature comprises of a lot of materials which elaborates about the medical conditions of disability and the causes of disability (The Lancet 2011). It has been observed that the differences in health is generally determined socially and are not related to the characteristics of disability in particular. With regard to the social conditions of these category of people it can be observed that they generally live in poverty, have insecure homes, hardly participate actively in work or education, and in most cases they are socially excluded. They also likely to face a lot of discrimination for their disability and according to WHO they also do not receive appropriate healthcare. This report defines disability and provides an overview of information regarding the health of people with disabilities and the underlying social determinants, using the population-based data that is available. Statistics state that in the year 2009, there are about four million people that amount to around eighteen percent who are found to be disabled in Australia. In another survey conducted in 2007 it was found that around forty six percent of the people are of the age between fifteen and sixty four who usually have severe issues of disability and they have reported to have very poor health as compared to those people who do not have disability (Kmietowicz, 2005). The non-disabled people in this regard are five percent. One of the vital causes of disability in Australia is the different diseases such as diabetes, cancer and other cardiovascular diseases and it has been observed that these diseases are increasing in a steady manner. Also people who have high dietary behavior also are more likely to have disability (Kmietowicz, 2005). It has been proven from research studies that the health of the disabled people is extremely bad as compared to that of the non-disabled population. It is known that people who are disabled would generally have a health condition or any impairment and hence the presence of a difference in the status of health is must. Nevertheless, the problem arises when the difference in the conditions arise which are not even remotely related to the health conditions or disability. The available data on health care of the disabled people is primarily of the adults within the age group of fifteen and sixty four and more precisely about the severe disabilities (The Lancet 2011). With the health of the people having disabilities the health and success of the careers are also related and it is this group that has a very low well being amongst all other groups in Australia (Munford 2005). According to research conducted around thirty-five percent of people having disabilities are observed to have poor health conditions as compared to only five percent of the people who do not have any difficulties. People who have very severe disabilities are generally reported with extremely bad self-reported health and research states that the percentage of such people who generally report of poor health is approximately forty five percent (Godziek, 2009). Regarding the mental health of the disabled people it is generally observed that such people have very poor mental health as compared to those people who have experienced the death of their spouse in a period less than a year (Drum, Krahn and Bersani, 2009). The young Australian adults or adolescents having disabilities usually are observing to have extremely reduced psychological health when compared to that of the non-disabled young adults and adolescents where the percent is only eight percent. Around one fourth of the people who have intellectual disability who seek professional support for any mental issue is approximately eleven percent as compared to the general population (Healey 2010). These people who have intellectual disability are the ones who live in depressed state. Disabled people having psychological distress are estimated to be around twenty-five percent of the total population whereas the general population having such psychological distress is approximately five percent. Considering the social determinants of health with regard to the people with disabilities it can be observed that these people are the most disadvantaged group in the continent of Australia. One of the main contributors towards the extremely poor health of these disabled people is the social and the economic disadvantage of these people. In most cases, these people have very poor income rate and they mostly live in very poor conditions as compared to those who are not disabled. The average incomes of these disabled people are also very low as compared to those disabled groups present in other countries. A survey in the year 2003 stated that the median personal income for the disabled people is approximately $225 whereas the people not having disabilities earn approximately $480 in a week. The income of the carers of the disabled people is approximately $237 in a week as compared to $407 who does not have any such roles. Further there are several reasons for this inequality in the income of the disabled people and their carers. One of the basic factors is the education of the disabled people. However studies have shown that disabled people have very low incomes despite having the same level of education as compared to that of the non-disabled people (Grover and Soldatic 2013). Among all the OECD countries it has been observed that Australia is one of the lowest relative income rates of the disabled people amongst the twenty-seven countries. There are countries such as Mexico where the income rates are not different for disabled and non disabled people. Conclusion From the above discussion it is quite clear that the status of the disabled people in Australia is extremely poor. With regard to their social or economic status or their health literacy these disabled people are very much deprived of the basic facilities that are available to the disabled in most of the other OECD countries. Evidence has revealed that as a result of experiencing deprivation continuously and being discriminated regularly further tends to increases the health problems of these people and also increasingly reduces their chances of employment and social participation. Hence it is extremely necessary to immediately take appropriate steps for improving the conditions of these disabled people. The health literacy and the socio-economic status of the people should improve and these people should be brought at par with the general people. References Drum, C., Krahn, G. and Bersani, H. (2009).Disability and public health. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association. Godziek, S. (2009). MDG 6--What about Disabled People?.Journal of Health Management, 11(1), pp.109-126. Grover, Chris, and Karen Soldatic. 2013. 'Neoliberal Restructuring, Disabled People And Social (In)Security In Australia And Britain'.Scandinavian Journal Of Disability Research15 (3): 216-232. doi:10.1080/15017419.2012.724446. Healey, Justin. 2010.Disability Rights And Awareness. Thirroul, N.S.W.: The Spinney Press. Horridge, Karen A., and Toni Wolff. 2014. 'Palliative Care For Disabled Children And Young People'.Paediatrics And Child Health24 (8): 343-350. doi:10.1016/j.paed.2014.01.006. Houghton, A. 2012. 'What Should Public Health Be Doing For Disabled People, And Why Aren't We?'.Journal Of Public Health35 (1): 2-3. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fds080. Kmietowicz, Z. (2005). Poorer health among disabled people to be investigated.BMJ, 330(7481), pp.8-0. Munford, R. 2005. 'Book Review: Constructions Of Disability: Researching The Interface Between Disabled And Non-Disabled People'.International Social Work48 (3): 362-363. doi:10.1177/002087280504800313. Sechoaro, Ernest J., Belinda Scrooby, and Daleen P. Koen. 2014. 'The Effects Of Rehabilitation On Intellectually-Disabled People A Systematic Review'.Health SA Gesondheid19 (1). doi:10.4102/hsag.v19i1.693. The Lancet,. 2011. 'Improvement Of Care For Young Disabled People In Australia'.The Lancet378 (9789): 373. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61190-2. Tolson, D. (2008). Guest Editorial: Health literacy in later life.International Journal of Older People Nursing, 3(3), pp.159-160.

German Grammar Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

German Grammar HS: Didaktische Konzeptionen f?r den Grammatikunterricht WS 00/ 01 Dozent: Prof. Dr. K?pcke Referent: Matthias M?ller Grammatikdefinition 1. ?Eine Grammatik als Gebrauchsgrammatik soll Auskunft dar?ber geben, was richtig und was falsch ist.? - Eisenberg, Peter 1994: Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. Stuttgart. Metzler ?Ich komme erst jetzt, weil ich hab? noch gearbeitet.? Ist das richtig, ist das falsch? Weitere Definitionen: -Duden- Das gro?e Fremdw?rterbuch: Gram/ma/tik die;-, -en * aus lat. (ars) grammatica **Sprachlehre** 1.a Beschreibung der Struktur einer Sprache als Teil der Sprachwissenschaft 2.Werk, in dem Sprachregeln aufgezeichnet sind 3.etw. was zu jmdm./etw. als etw. Gesetzmiges, Wesensbestimmendes, als eine innewohnende Struktur geh?rt, z. B. die ? der Gef?hle Meyers Lexikon: (griech.), derjenige Teil der Sprach-Wiss., der sich mit den sprachl. Formen und deren Funktion im Satz, mit den Gesetzmigkeiten und dem Bau einer Sprache besch?ftigt; auch Bez. F?r die Gesamtheit der Regeln einer Sprache Wahrig W?rterbuch: Lehre vom Bau und von den Regeln einer Sprache, Sprachlehre, Lehrbuch der Sprachlehre Weitere Thesen zur Grammatik aus: ?Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik? ( s. o.) ?Eine deutsche Grammatik stellt fest, was zum Deutschen geh?rt und was nicht.? ?Die Unterscheidung von deskriptiver und pr?skriptiver Grammatik hat sich... problematisch erwiesen. Einmal ist es nicht die Grammatik selbst, die normativ ist, sondern der Gebrauch..? ?Es ist und bleibt Aufgabe der Grammatik, zwischen richtig und falsch f?r eine Sprache zu entscheiden? ?Die zweite Aufgabenstellung der Grammatik besteht also darin, Aussagen ?ber die Struktur einer Sprache zu machen.?

Shopping Diaries Brand New Flat Screen 47

Shopping Diaries Brand New Flat Screen 47 Before Shopping My mother and I have been toying with the idea of getting a brand new flat screen 47 inch TV for over a year now. After much debating, consideration, and internet searching, we finally decided that it was time to go shopping and make the purchase.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping Diaries: Brand New Flat Screen 47-inch TV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since this was like buying a new toy for a child, you can just imagine the excitement and eagerness that both of us felt as I drove us to the mall where all the appliance stores were located. Before we seriously buckled down to shopping, I remember feeling a tinge of apprehension. Were we really ready to make this purchase? Wasnt this just an impulse buy? Maybe we should sleep on it and come back another day? During the time when I was doing my internet research on the product, I had come to the realization that the amount of money needed to pu rchase the TV would probably pay for a semester of college for me. Not only that, but television technology advanced and came out with newer, more superior models to the previous flat screen TV releases on a 6 month basis. Making the item devalue practically the minute we plopped down our payment for it. Somehow I managed to convince myself otherwise and we trudged on in search of the perfect flat screen TV. Knowing that my mother was advancing in age and needed a larger screen TV in order to see the images on the screen, and that we already had a digital entertainment theater system set up at home, sans the correct TV set, were what probably helped me get over my initial apprehensions about buying the flat screen at this point in time. It may not be a necessity for me, since I spend most of my time at school, studying, or at work, but my mom, who is always at home, needs it for her own personal enjoyment. So who am I to prevent her from getting what she will enjoy the most? I can u se the set up when I have some free time anyway. After Shopping Okay, so here we are, sitting in the food court and enjoying an after shopping snack. We have finally made the purchase and both feel quite satisfied with our choice of an LG Scarlet 47 inch flat screen. We had actually lucked out at the appliance store because they had both a Samsung flat screen TV and an LG flat screen TV in the display area. These were the exact 2 brands that we were considering to buy and it was fantastic that we got to compare their visual output and other specs side by side. It made shopping and decision making a lot easier. Thanks to the internet research that I did previously, I was able to ask the salesman the proper questions about the items and get his opinion on the items, all things considered. Since we were shopping for opinions, he even went to the extent of asking his co-workers for their opinions on the 2 items, and later on, his store manager also weighed in with his opinion.Advertisin g Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The more opinions the better I always say. We finally settled on the LG flat screen because it had one thing that the Samsung flat screen did not have, a screen protector that would protect the pixels and bulbs from death in the event that the screen was accidentally hit by a sharp or blunt object at full force. The Samsung version would have dead pixels instantly. Since I had my mother with me, and the purchase was really being made for her, I felt that she was the best shopping companion that I could have brought with me. She helped me stay focused on what item we really wanted to get when my eyes would stray to the other product displays, and reminded me of the budget that we had to stick to. We had a pleasant time shopping together and enjoyed our time together because we both knew exactly what was needed and wanted at the time and had al ready discussed it before hand.

English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Law - Essay Example 80). In the past, the monarch’s signiture (a.k.a. Royal Assent) is required in passing a statutory law. Today, the Royal Assent is treated as some form of constitutional formality. A bill is actually referring to a â€Å"draft statute† (Faragher, 2010, p. 80). Before a bill can passed into law, the bill will first be reviewed by the Members of the Parliament (MPs) (i.e. the House of Commons) to check whether or not there are some amendments to be done on the bill (Appelbe and Wingfield, 2009, pp. 4 – 5). During the second reading, further debate and amendemtns will be made before the bill can reach the committee and report stage. As part of the third reading, the bill will be re-presented to the House for a brief discussion and minor changes before it will be transferred tot he House of Lords. After the House of Lords have received the bill, it will be given back to the House of Commons for the approval of amendments (Jones, 2011, pp. 46 – 47). If the bill passess both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the bill will immediately obtain the Royal Assent or the monarch’s signature before it will finally become a law (Jones, 2011, p. 47; Faragher, 2010, p. 80; Appelbe and Wingfield, 2009, p. 5). (See Figure I – Summary of Stages of the Bill on page 3) Figure I – Summary of Stages of the Bill Source: Jones, 2011, p. ... ntire United Kingdom whereas private acts are referring to laws that can be used to regulate the obligations and rights of each person and a corporate body (Faragher, 2010, p. 80). Since the 20th century, the number of statutes that were successfully passed into law has significantly increased. The purpose of this report is to examine the truth on whether or not the modern UK law on commercial property tenants are statute based. To give the readers a better understanding of this topic, the basic idea behind the UK land ownership practices will first be tackled followed by discussing that the modern UK law on commercial property tenants are very much heavily based on a statutory law. Since the purpose of this report is to examine the truth on whether or not the modern UK law on commercial property tenants are statute based, several real-life cases will be presented in this study as a concrete basis to the argument that the modern UK law on commercial property tenants can still be base d on a statutory law. Discussion The land ownership in UK is classified as either private property, state land, or coomunal or third sector (Fuller, Jonas and Lee, 2010, p. 243). Unlike in other countries, roughly one-sixth (1/6) of the land area throughout the United Kingdom are actually owned by the state (Home, 2009). Furthermore, the UK government reserves the right to guarantee land ownership of private property. Therefore, after seeking approval from the UK administration, the British nationals who wanted to purchase land in this country is possible either via leasehold or a freehold (Home, 2009; Foukona, 2007). In England and Wales, information related to land ownership is handled by the Land Registry of England and Wales (LREW) whereas the Registers of Scotland and the Land

Recovery and Disposal of Solid Waste in Landfills Research Paper

Recovery and Disposal of Solid Waste in Landfills - Research Paper Example Recovery operations in a mixed-waste materials recovery facility involve manual and mechanical sorting. This aids in separating recyclables, which further undergo processing to meet some technical standards. Afterwards, the mixed waste stream might be sent to a landfill for further disposal. Disposal of waste in landfills may have created problems for people and the environment. Landfills that were not properly taken care of or handled led to the creation of various problems. The problems associated with landfills made it possible for people to create sanitary landfills. These are areas designed to isolate waste from the immediate environment until it is no longer a threat. It is in this area that the waste is considered completely degraded (Ramchandra 84). The flexible membrane in liners has allowed liners to temporarily address the issue of groundwater contamination. The clay soil that lines the sides and bottom of the landfills works toward protecting the surrounding groundwater from any leachate releases. The liners are then fitted with leachate collection and removal systems, which remove leachate for treatment and disposal (Jayarama

Interrogating Thomas Paine's Agrarian Justice Essay

Interrogating Thomas Paine's Agrarian Justice - Essay Example In addition, all sermons that do not have this purpose should be considered as nonsense and hypocritical. I believe Paine is among the greatest theorists of the modern age; he never supported feudalism and aristocracy instead he supported egalitarianism. I would identify two principles that would be extremely applicable in justice; people ought to behave as a unit and not as individuals. Considering Paine’s argument, it is upon the consciousness of justice that the revolution energy will emerge and multiply natural resources such as vegetation. It is the process of unjustly obtaining resources through the name of civilization that has made people either extremely poor or affluent. The success of any plan that is beneficial to the society depends on the number of individuals interested in supporting it, brought together with the justice of its principles. Poverty according to Paine is not in the natural state of things since it gets created by the so called civilized life. He b ased his arguments upon concerns about the extreme sides of poverty and wealth that have since emerged in the evolution of the present modern society, and their impact on personal anguish and social wreckage. He says that has worked in two ways; ensuring one portion of the society is much wealthier and the other more wretched (Thomas 7). The rich continue getting richer while the poor get poorer. This can be witnessed in many capitalist countries where economic inequalities have sparked economic revolution, for example, in France during Paine’s period. Similar conditions led to the outbreak of the French revolution. He states that the most prosperous and miserable man of the entire human society is found in the civilized countries. He observes a condition that generates the equivalence between progress and civilization (Thomas 6). It is not clear whether civilization has promoted or injured the general happiness of man. Paine is interested in showing the greatest divide betwe en the rich and the poor in the construction of state affairs. Both men and women must assume responsibilities for their functions within the society. He describes civilization as an artificial or constructed condition, and that it results from human will and choice (Thomas 8). Furthermore, he strives to use that essential truth in the progressive enhancement of the poor and civilization as a whole. Paine describes civilization as a construction he needs to further differentiate from the previous state of affairs which he refers to the natural state - mythical original state in which humans initially existed on the planet. Paine believes that the Indian people of Northern America represent the  ideal  natural  and primitive state of man (Thomas 7). He argues that the spectacles of human misery present in Europe cannot be found among the Indians. Paine views The Indian condition as neither enriched by factors of civilized progress as the European upper and middle classes nor as degraded by poverty as the poor in Europe; the life of an Indian is a progressive holiday, compared to the poor of Europe; moreover, it appears to be object when compared to the rich. Thomas Paine uses the Indians to demonstrate egalitarianism that he can relate with the natural state (Thomas 7). This helps him to show the extreme poverty of modern society as the interference of the natural order of things. Personally I do not believe that civilization has created out rightly negative things. Through civilization, we have seen

Comparing Photoshop, Illustrator and Gamemaker

Comparing Photoshop, Illustrator and Gamemaker Software Tools Techniques Cost Strengths Weaknesses Photoshop Allows for full editing of the photograph with basic tools such as brushes pencils and advanced tools such as warp and auto fill. There are many other features such as the effects that allow users to make their pictures much more professional looking and a lot more unique. Can use various techniques to edit pictures in a convincing and almost flawless way. The more better the user gets the more convincing users can make it. There are many advanced techniques such as ones that require tools to blur and change the picture to something new. The cost of the program is  £36.59 per month with the inclusion of VAT. Program can be included in the creative cloud that allows the user to use all of their software at once. The abilty to use the software to create computer artwork in a way that rivals other softwares with new techniques never seen before. Photoshop has a large reputation for being the go to source for editing pictures to be crazy but very realistic at the same time. Photoshop is also lacking in built in tutorials making the users have to sort through youtube videos or user created videos to allow them to gain experience. Its not very user friendly when it comes to being able to use the software right away, forcing users have to work out features. Illustrator Comes with a lot of different shapes that users can mold to create larger logos that can be used in various things. Users can also make and design shapes without much hassle allowing them to freeform and make artwork in a easy way. Uses shapes more over then actual editing techniques allowing users to create a full picture thats based on a real life with shapes. Gives more access to shapes and allows users to make fancy cartoon images using the tools provided. The cost is  £23.99 per month, which is delivered using a licence key that they use. The program is available using the creative cloud, which allows you to buy the software using a well-known and trusted source. When buying it your also able to buy other software using the creative cloud. Uses a vector format which keeps its quality so it wont decrease when resized. Because it uses vector the shapes are saved in a formular that stores different shapes. Very easy to make logos and designs for large companies. Pictures look more cartoony and cant really be used for editing pictures that are made in real life. Harder to create pixel perfect designs that are normaly used for bigger and more creative artworks. Gamemaker Allows users a good amount of control over creating the users game to their liking. The software comes with a lot of artwork and coding software to allow users to both make games, and create artwork. In the software users are able to use many different features such as brush tools to create pixel art sprites or the actual game maker to code and create unqiue games. Allowing the user to edit code manually from scratch or to edit it from a template. The user can follow various tutorials that allow the users to gain knowledge of better ways to make and create their games. In the software there are templates that users can use to help base the design on, such as, being able to create a box that allows users to set the limits of the artworks collision for use in-game. Users can pick to use the free trial that comes with less features or upgrade using  £121.76 or  £648.60 for upgrading in packages. The software is only sold from their main site to upgrade to a better edition of the software with more features to make games and create artwork. Have the ability to completely edit and make the game the way the user code it, users can add and remove any parts of the game or create new parts easily. Able to add a unlimited amount of graphics to the game without having to manualy manage each picture a user can use using the sprite function to see every picture the user has made in a group. Limits the user depending on the package they pick. Users also have to depend on which software they use as if they picked higher version of the software to use and edit users might get locked out of the older. The software is unable to play games that require a large amount of software such as a game that needs a advanced graphics card, this means that running any visualy amazing games can slow your pc down. Pictures made in Illustrator, due to this it takes on more of a cartoon logo look then a real life image when images that are made in photoshop are offen very realistic edits of real life images. Gamemaker can also be used in the same way however, using brushes that can be used to make pixel art Photoshop cost Gamemaker cost Illustrator cost Bibliography       Bitmap photoshop information http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/BitVect01CD/page_97.htm Photoshop Tool information http://www.photoshoplab.com/photoshop-tool-basics.html Formular http://www.intmath.com/vectors/math-vector-art.php www.adobe.com http://www.adobe.com/uk/creativecloud

Communications Essay -- essays research papers fc

Freedom of speech is a right of individuals as they possess their own free will. Because of their free will, individuals have expressed their thoughts, desires, and aspirations through the mass media. Communicating freely with other affirms the dignity and worth of each and every member of society. Communication remains God's great gift to humanity without which we cannot be truly human, reflecting God's image. Freedom of expression is essential in the attainment and advancement of knowledge. Communication brings forth various ideas and information. People today are better informed and more enlightened thanks to thriving press freedom and expanding mass media here and in many parts of the world. All points of view are represented in the "marketplace of ideas" and society benefits from debate about their worth. "Monkey see, monkey do" has become a well-known saying in today's society. In addition, this is how media influences society as it leaves a large impact on the individuals. Media has been considered by Ciony C. Gonzales as the most dominant art form, as it has an innate power to engage and affect the total person. It leaves a compelling and lasting impact on both the conscious and subconscious. Though media informs and educates, it also corrupts and exploits, leading it to contribute to the moral degradation of society. The moral fabric of our society has been coming apart for some time. Sex and violence have been big sellers through media outlets but at the expense of our children as well as the society they live in. children are very impressionable and they emulate what they hear on the radio and see on both television and movies. We must safeguard and change what our children are exposed to. Media's role in society is to inform, educate, and entertain. It tells the truth and provides positive stimulation that can build up images and reputations the right way. It can also be a tribunal of justice. Therefore, media has contributed greatly in ways that both enlighten and enrich society, but in other ways have deteriorated and perplexed it. It is not a surprise to learn, then, that media is the most powerful source of information, and nothing else in today's world influences public perception as heavily. Media in the Philippines is simply a reflection, an outgrowth, a mirror of society as a whole. After all, media has been perceive... ...are dissatisfied at what our children are exposed to. The owners, producers, directors, gatekeepers, commentators and actors, must be held accountable. If we don’t buy, they wont survive, so we must write our politicians, radio stations, television stations, newspapers, and magazines and every other media outlet in order to let them know our concerns. We have the power, so let’s exercise it. After all, our society and the children that it breed are at stake. BIBLIOGRAPHY Caà ±aberal, Bernard. "Radio, Pop, Music & Comics: Impact on Filipino Youth." Media Watch, January 1993, pp. 44-45. Deocareza, Franco. "A Positive Media Culture for Children." Life Today, September, pp. 19, 23. Gonzales, Ciony C. "Film Culture." Life Today, January 1984, pp. 10-11. Gonzales, Ciony C. "Taking Films Seriously." Life Today, January 1984, pp. 9. "Pornography serious threat, studies show." The Christian Science Monitor, 23 September, 1999, Sec. A, p. 11. "Profanity use is too commonplace." The Oklahoma Daily, 21 Oktober, 1997, Sec. A, n.p.. Reuter, Fr. James. "Media and Values." Life Today, June 1992, pp. 40.

Charles Martin in Uganda Essay

Charles Martin, a 29-year-old American who had worked for Hydro Generation (HG) for 2 years before embarking on the Ugandan damn project. Martins’ educational experience, a degree in African Studies from the University of Wisconsin as well as a MBA from the University of Maryland coupled with his experience working through the Peace Corps made Martin uniquely qualified to work for HG in their new venture in Africa, a hydro-electric damn in Uganda. During Martins tenure in Uganda , his assignments were to, gain support from local authorities, set up offices and insure the smooth operation of the office, overseeing operations including hiring, keeping inventory and keeping accounting records as well as logistical aspects such as dealing with customs. Martins’ job also included helping new expatriates settle into living and working in Uganda. Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect operation for foreign company operating there? Uganda, a multilingual cultura lly diverse country of a little more than 25 million people poses many challenges to a foreign company operating there. In addition to what may considered mostly normal challenges Uganda holds challenges that may not be found in other countries. With a long history of political instability and political corruption that continues into the present companies doing business there are faced with the stark reality that their business dealings maybe tainted because with such corruption ones place among the powerful is never assured. Nepotism is the norm in Uganda. Nepotism, the practice of allowing relatives to get jobs or promotions, even when undeserved thrives in Uganda. With jobs being awarded to family members, mostly through word of mouth connections language is very important to a business dealing in Uganda. Although English is the official language, many other languages are spoken throughout Uganda. The use of many languages thorough different cultural venues makes for a difficult a foreign company to carry on business successfully, as one is never assured what language will be preeminent therefore communications are not always the easiest in Uganda. .Uganda many religions also make for challenges in business dealings. Although much of the population is Christian there are many tribal religions that are a strong influence, a foreign company would have to be accepting of their practices in order to successfully deal with the local peoples. In general, business is much slower moving in Uganda and it is not uncommon practice to pay off or â€Å"tip† officials to make things progress more quickly, a practice unheard of in the United States. How would you describe the respective attitudes of Martin and Green: ethnocentric, polycentric or geocentric? What factors do you suspect of having influenced their respective attitudes? Martin’s attitude was one of polycentrism. Polycentric thought is such that Martin would conduct business in such a way that would conform to and accept the customs of the country in which the business was. Martin showed his polycentric attitude by paying tips, living in the middle class neighborhoods rather than with other expatriates, participating in tribal ceremonies and using nepotism in his hiring practices. Greens attitude was of geocentric thought. Geocentric thought accepts that certain differences of thought are tolerable in order to ensure successful business dealings. Depending on the individual circumstances, the company adapts to either the new culture or working to integrate the belief system of the home country. Greens attitude was influenced by his desire to incorporate the belief system of the company into the business in Uganda while Martins main concern was to fulfill the requirements of the project regardless of the fallout from the stepping away from the corporate values. Who was right, Green or Martin, about the controversial actions? Martin took in the Uganda an operation. What might have been the results if he had not taken those actions? Martin was correct in his actions. With Martin’s prior knowledge of what actions would be required in order to succeed in business in Africa and his desire to complete the required tasks in a timely fashion adapting to local customs such as nepotism helped insure the success of his project. Although successful Martin did take risks when utilizing a polycentric approach to his work, at any point his participation in various activities such as tribal rituals could have back fired due to increased pressure from an unstable government and corrupt officials talking advantage of their increased leverage to exact higher and higher prices for continued cooperation. These problems coupled with the possibility of certain actions being illegal in HGs home country directly conflicts with corporate policy. Despite these increased perils, if Martin had not undertaken this approach to business in Uganda increased delays, would certainly have occurred, local collaboration would have been decreased, expensed would have been increased due to either longer wait periods or the eventual abandonment of the project due to lack of progress. In the next phase of the project running the power plant-should HG employ someone whose main function is that of a liaison between its corporate culture and the culture of its host country? If so, is Martin the right person for the job? In the next phase of this project, the running of the power plant HG should employ someone whose main function is to be a liaison between the corporate culture and the host country of Uganda. If there is, no liaison similar problems of cultural misunderstanding will happen over again. Martin would be the most capable of understanding the various nuances of the continuing project, as he already has an extensive knowledge of the inner workings of side project. HG, as the sponsor of the project could further its policy by working with Martin and other from corporate to establish firm guide lines of what is acceptable policy when dealing with projects that are in foreign countries.

Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt Disappears

Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt Disappears He might have been eaten by a shark. Or maybe he was assassinated by secret agents from the Soviet Union. Of course, he could have possibly been picked up by a Chinese submarine. Others have said that he might have committed suicide or been picked up by a UFO. Such were the rumors and conspiracy theories that ran rampant after Harold Holt, Australias 17th Prime Minister, disappeared on December 17, 1967. Who Was Harold Holt? Liberal Party leader Harold Edward Holt was only 59 years old when he went missing and yet he had already served a lifetime in service to Australias government. After having spent 32 years in Parliament, he became Australias prime minister in January 1966 on a platform that supported United States troops in Vietnam. However, his tenure as prime minister was very short; he had been prime minister for only 22 months when he went for a fateful swim on December 17, 1967. A Short Vacation On December 15, 1967, Holt finished up some work in Canberra and then flew to Melbourne. From there he drove to Portsea, a beautiful resort town where he had a vacation home. Portsea  was one of Holts favorite places to relax, to swim, and to spearfish.    Holt spent Saturday, December 16 visiting with friends and family. Sunday, December 17s plan was to be similar. In the morning, he had an early breakfast, played with his granddaughter, and gathered some friends to watch a vessel arrive from England and go for a short swim. The afternoon was to include a barbecue lunch, spearfishing, and an evening event. Holt, however, disappeared around midday. A Short Swim in Rough Seas Around 11:30 a.m. on December 17, 1967, Holt met four friends at a neighbors house and then went with them to the military Quarantine Station, where they were all waived through the security checkpoint. After watching a ship pass through the Heads, Holt and his friends drove over to Cheviot Bay Beach, a beach that Holt often frequented.   Stepping away from the others, Holt changed into a pair of dark swim trunks behind an outcropping of rocks; he left on his sand shoes, which were missing laces. Despite the high tide and rough waters,  Holt went into the ocean for a swim. Perhaps he had become complacent about the dangers of the ocean since he had a long history of swimming at this location or perhaps he didnt realize quite how rough the water really was that day. At first, his friends could see him swimming. As the waves grew more ferocious, his friends soon realized that he was in trouble. They shouted at him to come back, but the waves kept him away from the shore. A few minutes later, they had lost him. He was gone. A monumental search and rescue attempt was launched, but the search was eventually called off without ever having found Holts body. Two days after he went missing, Holt was presumed dead and a funeral service was held for him on December 22. Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, and many other heads of state attended Holts funeral. Conspiracy Theories Although conspiracy theories still abound surrounding Holts death, the most  likely cause of his death was the bad sea conditions. Quite possibly his body was eaten by sharks (a nearby area is known to be shark territory), but it is just as likely  that the extreme undertow took his body out to sea. However, since his body was never found, conspiracy theories continue to spread about Holts mysterious disappearance. Holt was the third Australian Prime Minister to die in office but is best remembered for the unusual circumstances surrounding his death.

Virtue Ethics Example

Virtue Ethics Example Virtue Ethics – Coursework Example Virtue Ethics The lecture attempts to explain the intricacies that revolve around the philosophical yet moral component of virtue ethics. It is important to understand the history of virtue ethics to disseminate the facets that make up the topic. The lecture makes it evident that virtue ethics stemmed from the Greeks’ perspective to the modern day philosophers who view virtue ethics as a moral obligation among humanity. The video illustrates the transition of virtue ethics from the Greeks who viewed it as a source of good living. The rise of Judaism and Christianity broadened the scope of virtue ethics and termed it as divine commands. Finally, due to continued secularism, the scope shifted to a subject of moral law terming virtue ethics as the most appropriate thing to do. The video continues to explain the modern day view of virtue ethics as propelled by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill (utilitarianism) and Emmanuel Kant (Absolutism). According to the theory of utilitar ianism, virtue ethics entail maximizing the good for the greatest population. On the other hand, the theory of absolutism entails accepting and following a set of beliefs as an obligation. However, the lecture creates a point of deviation from the theoretical point of view to a simplified perspective of virtue ethics as described by Aristotle. The video points out that Aristotle based his perspective of virtue ethics as the good of man. In addition, a comparison of such perspective with that of the Bible indicates that humanity ought to love without conditions or a set of beliefs. The explanation derived from the video indicates that virtue ethics is a balance between two extremes; that of deficiency and excess. As such, virtue ethics is about morality. In addition, Aristotle’s perspective, as per the video, indicates that such a balance entails what humanity consider as good rather than a set of guidelines and beliefs as that of absolutism.Work CitedLecture Notes. Retrieved from http://bbcourse.oc.edu/Professional_Studies/BUSA-3713_Simmons/Virtue%20Ethics%20%28video%29.m4v

The debts deal's failure by Fareed Zakaria Essay

The debts deal's failure by Fareed Zakaria - Essay Example The paper tells that one must note before reading the aforementioned article that Mr. Fareed Zakaria is not your run of the mill reporter, observer, or opinion columnist. He is a highly regarded member of the journalistic field whose credentials include being the host of CNN's Fareed Zakaria, editor at large of Time Magazine, an all too important columnist of The Washington Post, and author of such famous works as The Post American World and The Future of Freedom. Mr. Zakaria started off his argumentative essay by presenting the facts as he knew them to be true to his readers. The information that he presented, about the filibustering in the legislative house and the constant bickering between the Republican and Democratic parties on the floor was information that could easily be gleaned from reading the newspapers or watching the daily news shows. The information that our debt ceiling was being held hostage by politics was something that came as surprisingly new for most of us. Main ly because we had always been used to seeing these two parties managing to find some middle ground within which to work from for the benefit of many. Sadly, it seems that the era of old, open communication, and amicable settlement politics is now an era of the past. These days, our national politics is, according to Zakaria has become a world wide failure because we can no longer make our political system work for ourselves. He continues to explain how our debt crisis would have been solved during the time of Reagan, Clinton and other previous American leaders: This is how Congress used to work: grand bipartisan bargains to solve difficult problems with compromises by both sides. This is not nostalgia. It is how the system worked in the 1980s and '90s to save Social Security, reform the tax code, rationalize immigration policy and close hundreds of military bases. (Zakaria, Fareed, The Debt Deal's Failure) Mr. Fareed does his utmost best within the article in order to present even t he most complicated of economic discussions in terms that lay people such are ourselves can easily understand. He has a grasp of the current economic situation that allows him to present a highly readable and focused piece that in the end, allows the reader to contemplate the reality of our economic situation locally and its effects on our nation worldwide. That is not an easy task for somebody as highly educated as Mr. Fareed and yet he manages to pull it off with each written paragraph in his commentary. He does not try to sway his reader towards one politicial inclination or another, he merely provides all of the information that he has on hand to help his reader come to certain conclusions on his own. The Debt Deal's Failure (Zakaria, Time Magazine) does its best to present an unbiased opinion on the topic. It however, fails dismally in that aspect because Mr. Zakaria makes it very clear from the get go that he is a firm believer in the economic programs of the Democrats and tha t the Republicans should be viewed as the bad guys who ran our economy into the ground. He often does argumentative analysis of the performance of the presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and finally Barack Obama in relation to increasing our countries debt woes. I find it quite disturbing that he was able to present factual data on the spending and borrowing for the Republican presidents but then failed to do the same for the Democrat president. It is highly impossible that our debt managed to balloon into the