Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase Assignment

Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase - Assignment Example This was a three times increase from the amount that had been channeled by 2009, which is a huge marker of progress in the American healthcare. Innovation in the American healthcare is vital and paramount. Two uses of innovation in healthcare can be derived from two conditions in the health status of the American population. To begin with, there is a financial pressure and squeeze on the healthcare industry, especially from the Affordable Care Act. The providers of healthcare are thus in dire need of creative strategies, ideas and innovations that can enable them keep on delivering high quality healthcare to the American population (Omachonu, 2010). Given the conditions, technological innovation is the most viable chance that they have. Secondly, combined with the cost of care is the aging population and dynamic changes in dietary practices of the American population, and lifestyles of people which expose them to deadly health conditions such as chronic diseases, obesity, heart diseases and diabetes. This, as Porte and Teisberg (2013) collectively note, results to a very big increase in volume of patients who require attention from the nurses. Innovations that will address the above two issues are therefore paramount, and although getting an innovation to be adopted is still a great challenge, it is very important for healthcare institutions to adopt the many available innovations. In addition to the above two, mobile and digital cloud technologies promise an improved health quality and patient care, especially with the ability to provide vital patient care and updated information, and as a result, even physicians have a chance to become better and more efficient (Porter and Teisberg, 2013; Omachonu, 2010). A personal health record that is electronic would be a wise choice in improving the quality of patient care. Such a platform would enable patients and other consumers to share their personal information concerning their health

I.G. “International Grocer” Essay Example for Free

I.G. â€Å"International Grocer† Essay 1. Values and principles a. Respect; at I.G. we treat all of our employees with courtesy as human beings first and foremost, at the same time; we stand strongly against any actions of exploitation and taking advantage of others. We welcome, acknowledge and respect other opinion. We deal with our difference with open mindedness. b. Honesty; at I.G. We expect all employees to be honest about their work and how they feel about the management. While honesty is a difficult value to be accomplished by all employees, here at I. G. we encourage honesty by rewarding good honest actions and feed backs that lead to company improvement, and by setting a high level of forgiving threshold when mistakes are made and admitted. c. Tolerance; at I.G. is a tolerant work environment. Our employees are made of men and women of all ages and different back ground and cultures; we don’t tolerate any prejudice and biases towards any employees in any way shape or form. d. Caring; at I.G. we care about each employee and ask that you do the same to the company! We expect all employees to show compassionate and practice forgiveness when possible. 2. Accountability: a. Responsibility for own actions; every individual is responsible for their own actions whether they are positive or negative. Positive actions are recognized and acknowledged by management for rewards, and negative actions can lead to disciplinary actions. b. Appropriate use of information; the use of information on a need to know basis, information should only be conveyed to the appropriate employees. Company’s plans, pricing, pay scale, etc. are not to be disclosed without proper approvals. c. Avoiding conflict of interest; keeping the Company’s interest should every employee’s priority. 3. Standard of conduct and practice a. Complying with Job description; every employee is hired with a set of skills that should allow them to perform their jobs, and expected to comply with the task that is been assign to them. b. Commitment and loyalty;  employees are expected to be satisfied with their workload and resources at their disposal to do their jobs and fell proud of what they do. The Goal at I.G. is to make all employee feel a sense of ownership at the company. c. Proper technology use; Data is an important part of our everyday operations. The use of computers hardware, internet services, and emails should be used exclusively for work purposes. 4. Disciplinary actions a. Dealing with complains; proper investigation will be conducted to handle complaints. Every complaint will be handled very seriously by our HR, no matter how small and insignificant it might seem at that time. We have a zero tolerance for any sort of harassment, work violence, and any misconduct. We encourage support employees to step up and file a complaint when they feel uncomfortable in their surroundings to avoid bigger problems and to find workable resolutions in a timely manner. b. Penalties for violations; Employees will be written up for wrong doing for two times, Third time could lead to suspension or termination of job. Crimes (identified by local law enforcement) will be turned over to the police to handle. B. Training Program: 1.Training will be held quarterly y to insure that all employees are up to date with Ethical training. Training will be based on a simulated scenario from different departments. Training will include but limited to I.G’s standard and procedures guide. 2.Training will be Web based an interactive; this will include short quizzes to ensure that the information is understood and comprehended. There also will be suggestion box to listen to other alliterative training delivery methods. Employees who attend all 4 ethic trainings in the year, and pass the quizzes will get an appreciation bonus. 3.Training will take 2 hours; it will be in the conference room with maximum attendance of 10 employees at a time. Employees will be given an opportunity to block their preferred time to attend one of 5 conferences during the week. 4.Training will be presented by professional third party company, I.G. Managers will be trained and certified to help conduct all trainings. C. Explaining the process for the following: 1. Monitoring Employee Misconduct: a. All Misconducts will be immediately recorded in the employee record. I.G. will utilize all of its resources to educate all employees with the company policies. HR will write up, reprimand, and/or terminate base on the level of misconduct and the findings. b. I.G. will continually monitor any harassment actions, internet misuse and theft during work hours and breaks. c. Company resource such as video surveillance, internet logs, and review of anonymous complaints will be used to monitor misconduct. 2. Auditing employee Misconduct: a. Auditing will include a full review of recorded phone conversations, call logs, internet records and employee records of pervious misconduct. Auditing will take in consideration the possibility of being misunderstood before taking a corrective action. b. Audits will be conducted in infrequent patterns; they will be announced the day of the audits. c. Management will assign a combination of HR and Department Managers to conduct audits. 3. Reporting Misconduct I.G. has an open door policy to bring issues to the HR office without the fear for recourse; HR will handle all misconduct complaints with confidentiality. Also employees can write a letter with anonymous Complaint and drop it in the suggestion box.

Workplace Bullying: Literature Review

Workplace Bullying: Literature Review Workplace Bullying Table of Contents Introduction: Aim of This Study: Background for this Study: The Research Problem 1. Defining the effects of bullying 2. Sensitivity of the subject 3. Categories of bullying behaviour Methodology Literature Review: Does Workplace Violence Encompass Physical as well as Emotional Violence? How Bullied Persons Are Seen: What is a Bully Like? What Does Bullying Do to An Organization? Bullying and Workplace Violence: Fundamental Features and Categories of Bullying: Features of bullies: Types of Bullying: Bullying at Schools: Bullying at Workplaces: Cyberspace: Effects of bullying: Analysis: Negative Behaviors: Nature of Bullying: Causes of Bullying: Workplace Environments: Personality of an Individual in Relation to his or her Workplace: Bullying Negates Productivity at the Workplace: Can A Manager Be A Bully? Dictatorial Management Cannot Achieve the Best Results: Survey Results: Conclusion: References: Appendix: People in this modern world have generally become more aware of their surroundings and the ways that they should be treated. They are generally more aware of their self-esteem and their value in society than they were in the past. One reason for this may be because in recent decades there has been more emphasis on things like human rights and equality of all individuals. With particular emphasis on working conditions, people are generally aware of how they should be treated and what sorts of conditions they should be allowed to work in. From a general viewpoint, one may think that this only refers to working conditions such as the physical environment that should not have any hazards in it. The reason for this thought is due to the fact that there have been several cases in the past in which employees were given hazardous conditions to work under. In contrast to this, people are more aware of these past problems, and probably would not hesitate to object to any hazards in workplaces today. In contrast to having asserted the awareness that people might have regarding workplaces hazards, there are several individuals who may not realize that they are still facing workplace problems and end up not objecting to problems around them. Also, some individuals who are aware may not be able to oppose these forces, and thus, are compelled to work under these conditions. Some working conditions may not necessarily be hazardous in the conventional sense, but they may be considered as inappropriate for employees if they suffer stress because of them. One particular type of workplace hazard is known as ‘bullying’, and may be carried out by superiors as well as colleagues[1]. Statistics reflect more than 2 million people at work feeling bullied (Andrea Adams Trust 2005). One in four people say that they have been bullied at least once in the past 5 years. With these statistics, it is further said that workplace bullying results in a loss of 18.9 million working days and à ‚ £4 billion[2]. This is because those being bullied tend to be absent from work more often. In addition to loss experienced in industries in terms of days and revenue, there is evidence of high levels of stress in individuals being bullied. Yet, it is not easy to evaluate workplace bullying, and this is because of the difficulty in precisely defining what workplace bullying is. There are several definitions of ‘bullying’, but none are agreed on. However, some of these are interesting and do help to gain significant insight to the problem. According to Stale Einarsen (1999), it is suggested that †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"bullying occurs when someone at work is systematically subjected to aggressive behaviour from one or more colleagues or superiors over a long period of time, in a situation where the targets finds it difficult to defend himself or herself or to escape the situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [3] According to the above definition, bullying might be described as a process through which individuals feel intimidated by someone who uses their strength and power to hurt and frighten them. The presence of this person makes them feel vulnerable and uncomfortable to the extent that it stresses or de-motivates people at their work. In other words, it is a systematic approach through which an individual corners another, and there is no escape unless one escapes the system. Recent research in the UK conducted in the form of surveys and UK cases have highlighted the importance of exposing ‘bullying’. This is because there is significant evidence to prove that it causes anxiety that leads people to suffer physical and mental distress. These are believed to be direct results of bullying in the workplace. It is estimated that in the UK, six million working days are lost annually due to stress caused by bullying, job insecurity, shift work and long hours[4]. According to Cary Cooper (2000), people that reported being bullied had the poorest health, the lowest work motivation, the highest absenteeism figures as well as the lowest productivity compared with those who were not bullied. In addition to this, based on research in Sweden, Heinz Leyman (1993,1996) firstly introduced the concept of mobbing (bullying) as a relentless form of harassment in organisations. Theoretically, it could be asserted that bullying is an extreme type of social stressor at work that works in a system. It may be then said that bullying is a long lasting harassment, systematically aimed at a target person.[5] Having acknowledged the tremendous loss that bullying causes an industry, the UK Government believes that employees should have the rights to work in an environment without being bullied and harassed. In order to combat bullying in the workplace, the UK legal framework gives employees the rights, which protect them from any form of unreasonable treatment wit hin the work place. Keeping the above statistics in mind, this project is concerned with the effects of bullying in workplaces on individuals. It will also explore the nature and causes of bullying at work. Most studies regard bullying as a unified phenomenon, in spite of the fact that different kinds of behaviours are involved.[6] It may be asserted here that these behaviours make individuals feel intimidated and occur in different situations and cross gender, age, and race of individuals. The intimidation and anxiety caused by bullying creates stress and stress related illnesses. The aims of the proposed study are outlined below: What type of negative behaviours that makes individuals feel bullied at their workplace? Explore the nature and causes of workplace bullying. Examine the effects of bullying on individuals. According to Andrea Adams in â€Å"Bullying at work† published in 1992 bullying at work is like â€Å"a malignant cancer and the disturbing manifestations of adult bullying†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Adams et al 2000, p.9) Andrea Adams, broadcaster and journalist, was the first person to recognise the significance of workplace bullying, and her book â€Å"Bullying at Work†, remains a landmark in this field. Adams suggests that bullying occurs when â€Å"professional abrasiveness becomes tainted with an element of personal vindictiveness† (Adams et al 2000, p32). Bullying is a sustained form of psychological abuse and often radiates from a senior person taking what they feel is strong management. However, bullying may not always come from a senior person in the workplace. It is thought that individuals may be singled out by a number of colleagues for various reasons. Debrah Lee (1998), who has been researching workplace bullying, argues the emergence of workplace bullying as being a problem or whether it should be considered to be an interpretation for an existing problem. She demonstrates that workplace bullying is an interpretation for a range of unfair work practices. She identifies workplace bullying as: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Persistent, offensive, abusive, intimidating, malicious or insulting behaviours, abuse of power or unfair penal sanctions which makes the recipient feel upset, threatened or humiliated or vulnerable, which undermines their self confidence and which may cause them to suffer stress†¦taking credits for another persons idea, ignoring or excluding an individual by talking only to a third party to isolate another, spreading malicious rumours, persistent criticisms†¦[7]. Therefore, it could be said that bullying encompasses various kinds of negative behaviors. There have been a range of debates around the nature and causes of workplace bullying. Stale Einarsen (1999) suggests that bullying may be used in a joking manner describing good natured horseplay or refer to minor events of aggressive behaviour that tend to be easily accepted and tolerated. In this scientific study, the concept refers to rather specific phenomenon where hostile or aggressive behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, are factors of stigmatisation and victimisation of the recipient.[8] However, Dieter Zapf (1999) categorises five different types of bullying behaviour. They are: Work related bullying which may include changing your work tasks or making them difficult to perform; social isolation personal attacks on your private life by ridicule, insulting remarks, gossip or the like; verbal threats of such violence Physical violence or threats of such violence. (Adopted for use quoted in Zapf 1999; source Stale Einarsen 1999) Zapf (1999) argues theoretically that bullying is an extreme type of social stressor at work. It is a long lasting escalating practice aimed at a target person. There is inadequate research and it is difficult to prove the causes and effect of bullying. It emerges that multiple causes of bullying have to be taken into consideration, and that bullying can be caused for various reasons. 1. Defining the effects of bullying One of the main problems of finding out the effects of bullying is â€Å"stress†. Estimates of the cost of stress and stress related illnesses range from  £5 billion (TUC) to  £7 billion (IPD) to  £12 billion (CBI) each year. Stress can be caused from a variety of reasons. (www.bullyonline.co.uk) (11/11/05) Christine Hudson (2001) defines stress as: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ literally a pressure of force exerted on an object. The emotional state that occurs when an individual believes that they do not have the resources to deal with a situation or series of events†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Hodson 2001, p: 144). Beehr Franz (1987) suggest that â€Å"stress† has commonly been defined in three ways: as an environmental stimulus often described as a force applied to the individual, as an individual’s psychological or physical response to such an environmental force (Warr 2002, ch: 8 p: 204). If the cause of stress could actually be pinpointed to an individual’s workplace, it would be convenient to study how s/he may have been bullied. 2. Sensitivity of the subject Bullying is a sensitive topic and people may be in denial or embarrassed because of the fact that they are being bullied. Not everyone will admit that they have a problem and some may not be aware that they are being bullied. Hence, it is a very sensitive area. Precautions must be taken when research is carried out. 3. Categories of bullying behaviour Different theorists have different perceptions of categories of bullying behaviours. Also, individuals have different perceptions of defining what negative behaviour is. The literature review and analysis will help to reveal what authors have to say about different categories of bullying. The method selected for this research paper consists of a quantitative as well as a qualitative approach. Both approaches will help to collect as much data as possible. Qualitative data will be obtained though pertinent journals, books, studies, magazines and newspapers, all presented in a literature review that will be analysed. Quantitative data will be obtained through a survey consisting of 50 participants. A range of questions will be presented to them, and the accumulative answers to these questions will be analysed. In addition to this, the quantitative data will be discussed with regard to the literature review as well. This quantitative method has been selected because a questionnaire will provide the opportunity to seek answers to questions in a larger quantity. Advantages: Questions are designed so that answers from the individuals’ interviews can be added together to produce results, which apply to the whole sample. The research is based on interviews with a representative sample of respondents. The questions are designed to be unbiased Large survey can often be broken down Surveys lend themselves to future replication. Disadvantage: Data becomes the main focus of the research issues. The data provide snapshots of points in time rather than a focus on the underlying process processes and changes. The researcher is often not in a position to check first hand the understandings of the respondents to the questions asked. Issues of truthfulness and accuracy are thereby raised. The survey relies on breadth rather than depth for its validity. This is crucial issue for small-scale researchers.[9] Making use of primary data (Surveys, focus group interviews) and secondary data (journals, databases, case studies, books, newspapers etc.), the clients aim is to find out what types of negative behaviours make people feel bullied at the workplace. This data will also help to reveal the nature and causes of workplace bullying. Analyzing the survey data against the reviewed literature and the analysis will prove interesting. It is through this comparison that one will be able to tell whether the literature reviewed has any similarities shared with the results of the survey. It is expected that there would be similarities, and it is interesting to observe how significant these similarities are. Bullying at a workplace can very easily be likened to bullying in schools. The difference between the two types of bullying is that each of them takes place in different age brackets. Bullying at a workplace is similar to bullying at school because it takes place within an institution that works as an arena within which bullying can be sustained. It is often thought that bullies at schools tend to do the same thing at workplaces when they grow up. This is perhaps because their behaviors may have been ignored by superiors and cheered on by classmates. As a result, the will to dominate continues as they grow up. Some bullies target their victims because they feel the need to control a situation or an environment while others have a natural urge to dominate without any specific reason. Whether bullying takes place at the school level or in a workplace, it has often been noted that insecure individuals exemplify these behaviors. Does Workplace Violence Encompass Physical as well as Emotional Violence? According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) (1999), one of the severest problems being faced at workplaces is physical as well as emotional violence. The ILO defines workplace violence as: â€Å"any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work. These behaviors would originate from customers, co-workers at any level of the organization. This definition would include all forms or harassment, bullying, intimidation, physical threats/assaults, robbery and other intrusive behaviors.†[10] This definition is also said to encompass bullying. According to CUPEs National Health and Safety Survey of Aggression Against Staff (1994) a similar definition to the previous one is observed, verbal aggression and harassment in its definition of violence is: â€Å"Any incident in which an employee is abused, threatened or assaulted during the course of his/her employment. This includes the application of force, threats with or without weapons, severe verbal abuse and persistent sexual and racial harassment.†[11] Definitions such as this one may also encompass bullying. In order to establish a connection between these definitions of physical and emotional violence, and bullying, the following case is important. An employee of OC Transpo in Ottawa (April 6 1999) shot 4 employees dead, after which he shot himself. It was said that the employee had suffered from workplace harassment. The definition of workplace violence that had to be included in the coroner’s examination had to include definitions of physical violence as well as psychological violence[12]. Psychological violence or emotional violence includes acts such as bullying, mobbing, teasing, ridicule or any word or deed that could psychologically harm or single out an individual person in the workplace. From the inclusion of emotional violence in the definition of workplace violence, it can be asserted that definition is very broad. Such a definition has helped to encompass several behaviors that are objectionable and are recognized as harmful to employees (Einarsen, 2002, 25-30). How Bullied Persons Are Seen: Usually, those who are bullied are seen as weak individuals or individuals that are different and singled-out. As opposed to the way that bullied person might be seen generally, s/he might well be a capable person, and one that handles his or her work independently. Quite often, such individuals are also well liked by their co-workers. However, bullies may pick on such individuals who may have a non-confrontative interpersonal style. Bullies may see the target as a threat, and set out to cut the target down. A bully of this kind may be a superior or even a co-worker. A co-worker may bully another worker because the target is considered one that is capable of excelling in his or her duties. A superior on the other hand may want to bully an employee in order to keep the target’s personality in check. This may be done in order to create or reinforce an impression of the superior being in control. Some superiors do take pleasure in bullying their employees in order to, in typical terms, show them who is the boss. What is a Bully Like? Bullies are usually insecure individuals, lacking social skills. The have little compassion for individuals in general, but tend to be harsh on individuals whom they decide to target. Bullies generally try to turn their insecurity outwards by targeting others. They take pleasure in knowing that they can throw their weight around. They use their positions to attack fully capable individuals around them by subjecting them to undue criticism. A bully may also tend to humiliate, ignore and isolate a target in front of others[13]. If the bully is in a senior position, s/he may make things difficult for the target or victim to work through. This would include setting up tasks that cannot realistically be achieved[14]. A bully may also take away important tasks from a target and replace them with demeaning ones. No matter what a bully does to intimidate a target, the basic idea is to control situations and environments. What Does Bullying Do to An Organization? Bullied employees tend to waste anywhere between 10 to 52 % of their work time. Many of them spend time preparing themselves against bullies, searching for support, thinking over the situation, and suffering stress and demotivation[15]. Many of them also do not show up for work regularly due to stress and stress-related illnesses caused. A work environment in which employees are bullied is poisoned with lack of morale, anger, fear, depression, and related feelings. All this results in an employer suffering: loss of efficiency, absenteeism, high turnover of staff, and lawsuits[16]. Not only does an employer suffer because of bullying in a workplace, but bullying has an impact on the target’s family and friends as well. The daily stress that an individual suffers is carried to relatives and friends. A target’s marriage is also likely to suffer as well with long-term stress. Friendships too come under strain because a target may become possessive (Badzmierowski Dufresne, 2005). The damages caused by bullying also impact the healthcare system. This is because those who suffer stress through bullying tend to receive medication and counseling for coping with the problem, and these could last for significant periods. Bullying and Workplace Violence: Workplace violence is a practice that might be physical or emotional. This means that the tactics used in the process may be physical or emotional. Bullying is one of the tactics considered under workplace violence. Encompassing the emotional tactics used in workplace violence are: bullying, incivility, disrespect, psychological abuse, and emotional harassment. All these tactics may also be referred to as ‘psycho terror. Whichever way one chooses to define and describe these various aspects of workplace violence, they all have the same impact. This is to say that they all result in work time being lost, demotivated employees, medical claims, legal fees, and ultimately, company decline. Quite obviously, there are tremendous losses experienced in terms of both financial loss and in quality of life (Badzmierowski Dufresne, 2005). Focusing more on bullying as a tactic of emotional workplace violence, it can be asserted that bullying is any form of negative behavior that shows disregard for other workers. It might be asserted here that along with there being several definitions for bullying presented by various scholars, there are also several behaviors that may coincide or overlap bullying behaviors. However, it can also be asserted that bullying and other overlapping practices are emotional workplace violence. Bullying is thought to consist of some of the following negative behaviors: Harassment Incivility Teasing Gossiping Purposely withholding business information Overruling decisions without a rationale Sabotaging team efforts Demeaning others Verbal intimidation (Badzmierowski Dufresne, 2005) In addition to the above types of bullying, there are several more that may be included. The different types of bullying that can occur do so in an organization that tolerates incivility. Though organizations may be aware of the damages that bullying does to an organization, responses to the problem are insufficient. Many managers ignore incivility because they either do not want to get involved or they simply believe that it is too much of a waste of time getting involved. Managers sometimes like to keep their slates as clean as possible. So they would rather avoid getting themselves into any interpersonal conflict. In addition to managers not wanting to get into interpersonal conflicts, many of them may not even hear of any problems in the workplace. This could be for various reasons. Perhaps their co-ordination is insufficient and the opportunity for employees to bring up these kinds of problems does not arise. Some employees might feel that they would be going way beyond expected territory if they were to take complaints forward (Badzmierowski Dufresne, 2005). Another reason why managers may not hear about bullying at the workplace is because employees are afraid to bring these issues up even if the opportunities do arise. Employees may be afraid to bring bullying matters up because there are organizations that would regard these complaints as personal disputes and they may not be seen as the concern of the management. It might be asserted here that this could occur because managers know that employees would not take these matters too far even if they were to get serious. However, targeted employees have been known to bring lawsuits against companies for bullying. In the UK, there is legal support for employees that feel bullied, as the UK suffers a loss of several working days and revenue due to workplace bullying. The matter is a serious one, and so is the legal protection of targeted employees in the UK. Though there is legal protection available for targeted employees, there are organizations that permit or even reward blatant confrontation among employees. This is done in the name of competition within organizations. However, there are lines that need to be drawn and if rude language and negative behaviors are overlooked, an organization can suffer intensely. â€Å"Research shows that when targets believe that someone at work has treated them disrespectfully, half will lose work time worrying about future interactions with the instigator, and half will contemplate changing jobs to avoid a recurrence. One-fourth of research respondents who feel that they have been treated uncivilly will intentionally cut back their work efforts. A few will steal from their instigators or their organizations. Some will sabotage equipment. Most will tell friends, family and colleagues about how badly they have been treated†¦in the worst case, some targets of incivility will exit† (Pearson and Porath 2005). Fundamental Features and Categories of Bullying: According to common terms, bullying is known as a type of harassment, carried out by one child over another who is seen as weaker. With this common view of bullying in mind, there are three common features in this form of behavior: It is aggressive and negative, both The behavior is sustained There is in inequality in power of the bully and the target, with the bully having more power (Einarsen, 2002, 25-30) There are also two main categories into which bullying falls. These are: Direct and Indirect bullying, which may also be called aggression Direct bullying is common among males. Indirect bullying is common among females and children. Indirect bullying usually results in the target becoming socially isolated. There are several ways through which this may be achieved. Some of the ways include: gossip, ignoring the target in public, treating those who mix with the target in the same manner, and finding fault with the target’s style of dressing and various other social belonging that the target may have, such as his or her religion, race, disability, etc. Bullying can take place in almost any type of set up. It is known to commonly take place in schools, colleges, universities, workplaces, in neighborhoods, and even between countries. No matter where bullying takes place, it must be noted that the element of power has an important role to play, and the power structure seems to be of great importance (Einarsen, 2002, 25-30). To observers of a relationship in which bullying takes place, the power a bully has is dependant on the perception a target has of the bully. The target usually is afraid to defend him or herself effectively. In many cases, a target has reason to be intimidated. S/he may fear the bully may carry out threatened actions such as physical/sexual violence, or loss of livelihood. Features of bullies: There are few notable characteristics of bullying, particularly in male bullies. These include the need for a bully to feel in control and be powerful, sadism, which is a situation where a bully gets satisfaction at watching another person suffer, complete lack of consideration for others, and a particular pattern according to which they work in order to blame the target (Einarsen, 2002, 25-30). Quite commonly, an individual’s upbringing is blamed for the way that a bully behaves. It is thought that a bully may have been brought up in an abusive environment where s/he might have been exposed to physical forms of punishment at home, little or no parental concern, and an environment in which violence has been used as a way of sorting out problems. Other research reveals that aggressiveness and forceful behaviors, perceiving other’s behaviors as aggressive, a drive to preserve one’s image, and demonstration of obsessive actions are also observed[17]. Types of Bullying: Bullying, whether a male or a female carries it out, may be considered to be an obsessive and compulsive behavior. This behavior has repeated actions or verbal insults that are used in order to have power over a target (Einarsen, 2002, 25-30). There is also a mixture of intimidation and humiliation used against targets. Some examples of bullying techniques are given below: Name-calling often using the target’s or victim’s names; commonly, the target is accused of being useless in all s/he does Gossiping about the target Stealing items that belong to the victim Unjustly demoting a victim Use of threats to get a victim to do what a bully wants Cyberbullying; this includes making use of various information technologies to bully a victim Physically assaulting a person or his or her property Blackmail Framing a victim before an authority figure Use of insulting remarks against a victims family, about ones home, personal appearance, sexual orientation, religion, race, income level, or nationality Ignoring or Isolating a victim Interfering with a victims personal belongings, and damaging them or using them to mock a victim Dominating a victim by staring Insulting graffiti[18] When bullying occurs in school

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Papers Stero

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really enhance strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy. In order to understand why we are confronted with the problem of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolic steroids: a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930's as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosterone hormone of the ?steroid hormone? group. The steroid hormones (which are also produced naturally) are synthesized from cholesterol. Most simply understood, the hormones function by passing from the blood stream into individual cells where they bind to a receptor and activate certain genes that cause the production of a protein, especially muscle proteins (et. al.). By the late 1940?s, bodybuilders had discovered the effects of testosterone as a means to stimulate muscle growth and to make themselves train with more intensity and aggression (Schwarzenneger 723). In 1953, the first truly synthetic anabolic steroid was developed, having a strength-building effect three to five times higher than testosterone. From bodybuilders to other athletes, steroid use quickly gaine... ... in Sports: Side Effects and Links.? Biology 121 Web Project/Anabolic Steroids. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http://www.people.virginia.edu/ abs9f/*. Meoreira de Araujo, Mario Cesar and Marcelo R. Facio. ?The Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes.? Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes MEDSTUDENTS-SPC. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http://www.medstudents.com.br/sport2.htm*. Schwarzenegger, Arnold. Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Vecsey, George. ?The Real Goal is Protecting the Children.? The New York Times 17 Sept. 2000, col. Sports of the Times: 1-3. 18 Sept. 2000 *http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=969323324&RQT=309&CC=1&Dtp=1&Did=000000060561967&Mtd=1&Fmt=*.

Control Chart

Tables of Constants for Control charts Table 8A – Variable Data ref : AIAG manual for SPC X bar and R Charts Chart for Averages Control Limits Factor Subgroup size (n) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 25 A2 1. 880 1. 023 0. 729 0. 577 0. 483 0. 419 0. 373 0. 337 0. 308 0. 223 0. 153 Chart for Averages Chart for Standard Deviation (s) Chart for Ranges (R) Divisors Divisors to to Control Estimate Factors for Control estimate Factors for Control Limits Factor Limits Limits ?x ?x d2 1. 128 1. 693 2. 059 2. 326 2. 534 2. 704 2. 847 2. 970 3. 078 3. 472 3. 931 D3 0. 076 0. 136 0. 184 0. 23 0. 347 0. 459 Centerline X bar and R Charts CL X = X CLR = R X bar and s Charts X bar and s charts CLX = X CL s = s Institute of Quality and Reliability www. world-class-quality. com D4 3. 267 2. 574 2. 282 2. 114 2. 004 1. 924 1. 864 1. 816 1. 777 1. 653 1. 541 A3 2. 659 1. 954 1. 628 1. 427 1. 287 1. 182 1. 099 1. 032 0. 975 0. 789 0. 606 c4 0. 7979 0. 8862 0. 9213 0. 9400 0. 9515 0. 9594 0. 9650 0. 9693 0 . 9727 0. 9823 0. 9896 B3 0. 030 0. 118 0. 185 0. 239 0. 284 0. 428 0. 565 Control Limits UCLX = X + A2 R LCL UCLR = D4 R LCL R = D3 R UCLX = X + A3 S LCL X = X ?A3 S UCL s = B4 s LCL s = B 3 s Control Chart Factors X = X ? A2 R B4 3. 267 2. 568 2. 266 2. 089 1. 970 1. 882 1. 815 1. 761 1. 716 1. 572 1. 435 ?x R d2 s c4 Page 1 of 3 Tables of Constants for Control charts Table 8B Variable Data ref : AIAG manual for SPC Median Charts Chart for Medians Charts for Individuals Chart for Individuals Chart for Ranges (R) Control Divisors to Limits Estimate Factors for Control Factor Limits ?x Subgroup size 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ~ A2 1. 880 1. 187 0. 796 0. 691 0. 548 0. 508 0. 433 0. 412 0. 362 d2 1. 128 1. 693 2. 059 2. 326 2. 534 2. 704 . 847 2. 970 3. 078 D3 0. 076 0. 136 0. 184 0. 223 D4 3. 267 2. 574 2. 282 2. 114 2. 004 1. 924 1. 864 1. 816 1. 777 Centerline CL Median Charts ~ X ~ =X CLR = R Charts for Individuals CL X =X CLR = R Institute of Quality and Reliability www. world-class-qua lity. com Control Limits Factor E2 2. 660 1. 772 1. 457 1. 290 1. 184 1. 109 1. 054 1. 010 0. 975 Chart for Moving Range (R) Divisors to Estimate Factors for Control ?x Limits d2 1. 128 1. 693 2. 059 2. 326 2. 534 2. 704 2. 847 2. 970 3. 078 D3 0. 076 0. 136 0. 184 0. 223 D4 3. 267 2. 574 2. 282 2. 114 2. 004 1. 924 . 864 1. 816 1. 777 Control Limits UCL ~ X ~ ~ = X + A2 R UCLR = D4 R UCL X = X + E 2 R UCLR = D4 R Control Chart Factors LCL ~ X ~ = X ? A2 R LCL R = D3 R LCL X = X ? E 2 R LCL R = D3 R Page 2 of 3 Tables of Formulas for Control charts Table 8 C Attribute Data ref : AIAG manual for SPC Centerline Control Limits Samples not necessarily of constant size UCL p chart for CL p = p proportions of units in a category pi = p+3 c chart for number of incidences in one or more categories ni LCL p i = p ? 3 p (1 ? p ) ni If the Sample size is constant (n) UCL p = p + 3 np chart for umber / rate of units in a category p (1 ? p ) p (1 ? p ) n LCL p = p ? 3 p (1 ? p ) n CL = np np UCL np = np + 3 np(1 ? p) LCLnp = np ? 3 np(1 ? p) CL c = c UCLc = c + 3 c LCLc = c ? 3 c Samples not necessarily of constant size CLu = u u chart for number of incidences per unit in one or more categories UCLu = u + 3 LCLu = u ? 3 u ni UCL u = u ? 3 u n UCL u = u ? 3 u n using average sample size UCL u = u + 3 u n If the sample size is constant (n) UCL u = u + 3 Institute of Quality and Reliability www. world-class-quality. com u ni u n Control Chart Factors Page 3 of 3

Nonverbal Communications Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Nonverbal Communications Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Nonverbal Communications Interpersonal Communications and Relationships James Thomas October 9, 2015 Nonverbal Communications Artifacts are objects that we use to identify a person, heritage, race and environment. They may also define personal territory, to claim our space we fill them with objects that matter to us and that reflect our experiences and values. They also communicate important relationship meanings. We use them to announce our identities and to express how we perceive and feel about others. Environmental factors are the elements of setting that have emotional impact on how we feel and act. It all refer to what makes up the atmosphere or background against which someone or something is seen. Environment may refer either to actual physical surroundings or to social or cultural background factors. There is a red scented candle lighting in my room, the candle doesn't mind losing its essence, even dying in the process, in the most positive way just so you can have a positive moment. Just by watching the flame reach new heights and listening to the wick crackle as it burns seeing that it Project a beam of light onto a wall and I notice the flame isn't emitting a shadow. It gives off a cinnamon scent making me feel so relaxed, it kind of smells like Christmas. My bedroom is my favorite room in my house. I enjoy my bedroom because it describes me. The things that describe me the most in my room are the wall colors, pictures, and the decorations. My walls are a dark green my favourite color, I have pictures of my nephews that I hang on my wall along with pictures of me and my siblings. I also have a pride flag hanging above my bed. I feel that this communicates about me that I am a proud uncle to my 2 nephews, that I love my siblings so much that I display them. Also that I am a proud gay man as to why I have my pride flag. I think that my room would make someone feel welcomed there is a couch that they could sit on so when they see that they know ok we can sit down. It would also make them feel relaxed and comfortable having the television on letting them know that they can feel at home. Most of my friends know my family and me so I know that they would defiantly feel safe and secure in my room. I would feel depressed and bare because all my artifacts were gone, they announce who I am and show my personality. My room would definitely not feel the same because the items in my room reflect who I am as a person, they tell people that I am a relaxed decent guy who adores his nephews and siblings. Reference (Julia wood, Ann Schweitzer, Everyday Encounters, 2006, 179)

Changing America essays

Changing America essays The 1920s, one of the most important eras in American history. It carried high prestige because of the fact that the 1920s changed everything, from the way people thought about themselves to the way people had fun and kept themselves entertained. It was an era that had drastic changes in political attitude, economic attitude, and cultural values. The topics addressed in chapter 12 reflect a changing America in that American values and attitudes all changed due to the new wave thinking brought on by the 1920s. The first major change in American society was the change that occurred in Americas political attitude. The most major change in political attitude was due to Americans newfound hatred of immigrants. Because the 1920s instilled a sense of national pride and nationalism many Americans were against immigrants. People did not like immigrants because of the fact that they felt they were un-American and gave America a bad name. Since the 1920s made people feel important because of new found income and entertainment, it made people believe that any time there was a problem in America it was not because of an American. Therefore a lot of the blame was placed on immigrants. So in order to keep America American the government put heavy restrictions on immigrants. One of these restrictions was the Act of 1921, which limited the amount of immigrants entering the United States from Europe. Then in 1924 the American government decided to lower the amount of European immigrants and exclude all Asian immigrants. Another occurrence in the 1920s that explains the changing political attitude was Prohibition. Prohibition was a law that was passed through a new Amendment that outlawed the consumption and sale of alcohol. This was yet another attempt by the American government to eliminate all things that they felt brought America down. Even though Prohibition decrea ...

Hemp Legalization essays

Hemp Legalization essays As I read over this article, I became more and more furious with the government. Ralph Nadar, the presidential candidate for the green party, talked about his plan to legalize the growth of commercial grade hemp, but the government showed how overbearing it is. One thing that the government said was that if the growth of commercial grade hemp did become legalized, then there would be so man rules and regulations on the growth of it that if would be virtually impossible to grow. The article mentioned that by legalizing the growth of commercial grade hemp, it would raise the economy of the U.S. by bringing in more money by producing stronger rope and more paper than and tree or plant. One fact that the article failed to mention that the growth of commercial grade hemp would produce more oxygen in the air and also make the ground more fertile in off seasons. The article shows that the government is just trying to find ways to keep the economy from booming and the environment from being clean. ...

Discuss the treatment of women in Kate chopins The Story of an hour Research Paper - 1

Discuss the treatment of women in Kate chopins The Story of an hour and The Awakening - Research Paper Example This enables her to ‘paint a picture’ of life in that moment. By focusing on key elements of the environment in which the characters move and through special attention given to just how the story is to be told, she enables the audience to experience the constraining forces experienced by women of her time and why they would want to escape from it. These ideas are easily discovered in a comparison between Chopins short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and her novel Awakening as both women experience an awakening to their own inner nature. Awakening begins with consistent references to Edna Pontelliers position as part of the property held by her husband until the night she takes a liberating swim away from the life shes been trapped within. Her owned status is introduced on her first appearance at the beginning of the story in the way that her husband, Leonce Pontellier, addresses her as she returns from a swim. â€Å"’You are burnt beyond recognition,’ he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage† (13). Vague ideas of independence and self-awareness plague Edna, slowly building through the action of the novel until they finally break free on the night of the beach party: â€Å"that night she was like the little tottering, stumbling, clutching child, who all of a sudden realizes its powers, and walks for the first time alone, boldly and with overconfidence. She could have shouted for joy. She did shout for joy, as with a sweep ing stroke or two she lifted her body to the surface of the water† (50). This experience of freedom is something most women didnt have a chance to know. According to one of the experts on womens conditions in that time period, â€Å"Woman †¦ was the hostage in the home† (Welter 21), subject to her husbands desires, vices,

The Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Crusades - Essay Example The outcomes of the Crusades on Europe during this era became a significant aspect in evolving and in the development of the European civilization, affecting all aspects of life. These include the riches and control of the Catholic Church. Thus, it further increased and expanded their influence and supremacy, placing the Christian legion and resources under their full control. In addition, they attuned the people to look upon them as leaders. Above and beyond all the clout and dominance the papacy had on the people, the pouring out of gifts of devoutness was engorged by the astonishing zeal of spiritual passion into epic scope. In all these, the preeminence of papal rule and the prosperity of the Catholic Church were immensely amplified. Another aspect that was greatly developed because of the Crusades was on business and trading. A steady exigency for transportation led to the construction of ships. This widened the borders of trade, broadening the market into all of Europe. Overflo wing trade goods coming from the rich lands of China and other Asian countries also found their way to Europe, therefore, building a stronger association with the European and Asian cultures. The crusades undoubtedly changed Western European life. For example, they helped chip away feudalism. Countless noblemen and knights loaned or sold away their lands to finance journeys and expeditions. This deterioration in both the numbers and power, and the matching intensification of the regal power, may be pinned down in the revolution that transpired in the birthplace of the movement, France. The Crusades, aside from their effects on religious and economical facet, facilitated the decomposition of the power of feudal nobility. It gave way to the importance of the kings and the people. Societal growth and expansion were now in the hands of the burgher class, or the middle class. Social changes also sprung out from the Crusades. It was one of the primary and the most important nurturing stim ulus of the code of chivalry. Intensified and re-enforced contact and communication with Eastern influences also were refined during this period. The religious war reformed the crusaders’ intellectual beliefs and ideas as well. They liberalized their mentality, and encouraged them to venture out from castles and villages to go and explore grand urban towns and cities, magnificent palaces, marvelous clothing, and stylish and graceful etiquette. These people came home with enhanced preferences, widened beliefs and views about the world. Because of the crusades, a new world was opened in front of them. The motivation given to geographical breakthrough that changed the entire concept and thinking of the way the world was directed different explorers, such as the notable Italian Marco Polo who discovered the beauty of China, rousing the adventures and voyages of Vasco de Gama, Magellan and Christopher Columbus, may possibly be tracked back to the vigorous awareness in geographical subjects. Jerry Ciacho November 20, 2011 The Black Death The Black Death, the immense outburst of the Bubonic Plague, was indeed among the most terrible and devastating blows in all of history. It wiped out more than a hundred million people, eating into cities and towns, encroaching with a steady but unbelievably rapid stride but hit its upmost death toll in Europe during the Middle Ages between 1348 and 1350. Many believe this global virulent disease initially came from China. The bubonic plague for the most part affected only rodents, but fleas started to spread the disease to people. China was the bustling trading center of the world and with the outbreak, it was bound to extend to Western Asia and the rest of Europe. Reaching the shores of

Search report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Search report - Research Paper Example The question is why women than men? This is explained biologically by the fact that female urethra is relatively shorter and more close to the anus than the males. The risk of UTI among women increases with age due to the lost of vaginal flora during menopause when the level of estrogen falls, thus loss of virginal protection (Pooler, 2011, p.67). Women are more likely to get infected by the UTIs than men since the bacteria easily reach their bladder because of the shortest distance the bacteria has to travel in the urethra. Besides, the location of the urethra near the rectum makes it easier for the bacteria from the anus to travel to the urethra causing infections. Sexual intercourse with the males increases the risk of UTIs among women as more bacteria are pushed into their urethra. Kidney UTIs are more common among expectant women as the pregnancy causes a lot of pressure to the ureters, thus causing hormonal changes (Foster, 2008, p.241). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections which mainly affects the urinary tract systems of both sexes. The infection that occurs at the lower urinary tract parts is referred to as the cystitis; a bladder infection. On the other hand, the UTIs which only attack the upper urinary systems is popularly referred to as pyelonephiritis, a kidney infection (Pooler, 2011, p.45). About 80-85% of the UTIs are caused by E.coli while Staphylococcus  saprophyticus only causes 7% infections. The urinary tract organs which are most affected by this bacterial infection are urethra, kidney, bladder, and ureters. Though all parts of the urinary tract can be infected by UTIs, the urethra and bladder are the most commonly infected. The common symptoms and signs of UTIs are frequent urination and burns during urination. Other symptoms which are mainly common among the elderly population are: fatigue, blood infections, and change in mental status (Foster, 2008,

Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado Essay

Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado - Essay Example Montresor avenges some unspecified insult inflicted on him by Fortunato and thus buries him alive. Significantly, the cause for the murder is rendered insignificant and the maneuvers and the actual execution of murder gain prominence in the story. The paradigm of sacrifice enters the story in the instance where Montresor warns Fortunato against staying in the damp catacombs for the latter seems to have a cough. Fortunato’s reply that a cough shall not kill him compounds the irony in the story and anticipates his predicament. However, it also highlights a kind of unstated willingness on Fortunato’s part in the scheme planned by Montresor. There is a suggestion that Fortunato may have subconsciously accepted the fate which awaited him. It is here that the numerous parallels between Fortunato’s murder and Christ’s crucifixion enter the story. The theme of revenge drives the plot of the story. The metaphor which encapsulates this theme is the motto on Montreso r’s family coat of arms which proclaims Nemo me impune lacessit  ("No one insults me with impunity") (Poe, 99). The symbol which shows a foot crushing a snake while the snake’s fangs are set in the foot is reminiscent of Christian theology. The snake is often identified with the Adversary or Satan and thus represents the figure of the avenger in Montresor. Montresor can also be said to be reminiscent of Judas, Jesus’ friend who betrayed him. Fortunato’s meek submission to his fate and the heinous manner in which he was killed, coupled with his last words "For the love of God, Montresor!" (Poe, 101) yet again emphasize the theological underpinnings of the story. The unmistakable parallels between Christ’s death and Fortunato’s murder are seen also in the fact that Montresor kills Fortunato in the catacombs which are hallowed spaces. The very name Fortunato which means ‘fortunate or blessed’ seems to be ironic. Despite the many similarities in their predicaments, Fortunato unlike Christ lies in a desolate tomb, unknown to the world, without having accomplished much for the greater good of mankind. The many points of confluence and departure between Christ and Fortunato perhaps constitute a certain existential questioning that the story brings about regarding the place of virtue and sacrifice in the modern world. This rendition of Fortunato as a modern, albeit ironic adaptation of Christ is done by keeping the original insult inflicted on Montresor deliberately ambiguous. The fact that much of our understanding of the story is mediated by Montresor’s subjective opinion brings about a significant subversion of conventional spiritual or theological narratives in which the murderer or the sinner is seldom given a chance to express himself. It may be well said that journey undertaken by Montresor and Fortunato to the wine cellars and ultimately to the catacombs assumes the character of a pilgrimage. The ironic reversal however lies in the fact that the journey is made for the precious Amontillado and not for any ostensible spiritual quest. The murder of Fortunato further subverts the motif of the pilgrimage and conjures the image of aborted spiritual endeavors in the modern world. The spatial and temporal settings of Poe’s story significantly shape its thematic concerns. It is important to note that the story is set in an indeterminate year in Italy during the carnival of Mardi Gras. In

Legal Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Regulation - Essay Example In this manner, regulation can be perceived as implementation of policy statements that aim to bring sanity in business by ensuring that there is neutral for all players to benefit (Scherer, 1996).   The State has always regulated companies because it is aware that the safety of the public and their welfare is its priority. If the activities and behaviors of companies or industries are not regulated and reviewed, they can have harmful effects to human health, community structure and financial well being of people. It is plausible to argue that these regulations are put in place with the intention of protecting those people who have set their businesses correctly on the market via acquiring working licenses, inspections and permits that allows them to operate, therefore, the State tries to weed out criminal or undesirable activities that undercut honest industries. The State has always engaged in regulating businesses by stating that efficient and effective business regulation is ne cessary since it propagates situation where the total benefits of some people do not exceed the total costs of others. Government regulations are important since they aim to achieve various objectives. If businesses are not regulated, then there will high standards of malpractices whereby the consumer will be exploited and deprived of his rights. Because of market failures, it is necessary for the government to control and regulate the behavior of firms since market failures can easily lead to market monopoly whereby the market.

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Essay

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Individuals, Communities, And Health Care Providers - Essay Example It has been observed that due to particular disaster people primarily get emotionally affected. The approach of disaster management most of the time, fails to assist people in overcoming the losses including emotional trauma and other kinds of emotional distress due to high level of disaster (Act alliances, n.d). In this context, people need the support of spiritual care to overcome the aftereffects of any particular disaster. It has been observed that during any particular disaster, several communities of people and diverse cross sectional individual are seeking the assistance of spiritual care. It will be worth mentioning that these faith based organizations are showing an additional contribution towards providing spiritual care to those people who are in need of the same. Spirituality also refers to the aspect where one individual requires support of extra ordinary human care. Spirituality is believed to help people in ensuring early recovery from any kind of mental trauma (National Disaster Interfaith Network, n.d.).

Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado Essay

Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado - Essay Example Montresor avenges some unspecified insult inflicted on him by Fortunato and thus buries him alive. Significantly, the cause for the murder is rendered insignificant and the maneuvers and the actual execution of murder gain prominence in the story. The paradigm of sacrifice enters the story in the instance where Montresor warns Fortunato against staying in the damp catacombs for the latter seems to have a cough. Fortunato’s reply that a cough shall not kill him compounds the irony in the story and anticipates his predicament. However, it also highlights a kind of unstated willingness on Fortunato’s part in the scheme planned by Montresor. There is a suggestion that Fortunato may have subconsciously accepted the fate which awaited him. It is here that the numerous parallels between Fortunato’s murder and Christ’s crucifixion enter the story. The theme of revenge drives the plot of the story. The metaphor which encapsulates this theme is the motto on Montreso r’s family coat of arms which proclaims Nemo me impune lacessit  ("No one insults me with impunity") (Poe, 99). The symbol which shows a foot crushing a snake while the snake’s fangs are set in the foot is reminiscent of Christian theology. The snake is often identified with the Adversary or Satan and thus represents the figure of the avenger in Montresor. Montresor can also be said to be reminiscent of Judas, Jesus’ friend who betrayed him. Fortunato’s meek submission to his fate and the heinous manner in which he was killed, coupled with his last words "For the love of God, Montresor!" (Poe, 101) yet again emphasize the theological underpinnings of the story. The unmistakable parallels between Christ’s death and Fortunato’s murder are seen also in the fact that Montresor kills Fortunato in the catacombs which are hallowed spaces. The very name Fortunato which means ‘fortunate or blessed’ seems to be ironic. Despite the many similarities in their predicaments, Fortunato unlike Christ lies in a desolate tomb, unknown to the world, without having accomplished much for the greater good of mankind. The many points of confluence and departure between Christ and Fortunato perhaps constitute a certain existential questioning that the story brings about regarding the place of virtue and sacrifice in the modern world. This rendition of Fortunato as a modern, albeit ironic adaptation of Christ is done by keeping the original insult inflicted on Montresor deliberately ambiguous. The fact that much of our understanding of the story is mediated by Montresor’s subjective opinion brings about a significant subversion of conventional spiritual or theological narratives in which the murderer or the sinner is seldom given a chance to express himself. It may be well said that journey undertaken by Montresor and Fortunato to the wine cellars and ultimately to the catacombs assumes the character of a pilgrimage. The ironic reversal however lies in the fact that the journey is made for the precious Amontillado and not for any ostensible spiritual quest. The murder of Fortunato further subverts the motif of the pilgrimage and conjures the image of aborted spiritual endeavors in the modern world. The spatial and temporal settings of Poe’s story significantly shape its thematic concerns. It is important to note that the story is set in an indeterminate year in Italy during the carnival of Mardi Gras. In

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Essay

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Individuals, Communities, And Health Care Providers - Essay Example It has been observed that due to particular disaster people primarily get emotionally affected. The approach of disaster management most of the time, fails to assist people in overcoming the losses including emotional trauma and other kinds of emotional distress due to high level of disaster (Act alliances, n.d). In this context, people need the support of spiritual care to overcome the aftereffects of any particular disaster. It has been observed that during any particular disaster, several communities of people and diverse cross sectional individual are seeking the assistance of spiritual care. It will be worth mentioning that these faith based organizations are showing an additional contribution towards providing spiritual care to those people who are in need of the same. Spirituality also refers to the aspect where one individual requires support of extra ordinary human care. Spirituality is believed to help people in ensuring early recovery from any kind of mental trauma (National Disaster Interfaith Network, n.d.).

Investigation Completion and Analysis Essay Example for Free

Investigation Completion and Analysis Essay Evaporation is a process where liquid is converted to vapor with the purpose of separating it from a dissolved solid or from a liquid that is higher in boiling point in experiments or investigations on how to separate soluble solid in liquids (Holland, 2005). Evaporation technique was chosen for the experiment because it is easy and simple to execute compared to other methods of separation such as distillation. 2. Distillation Distillation is an investigative technique used in separation of mixtures based on conditional and differences required to change the components phases of the mixture. It can be applied in a mixture of liquids, and the mixture of soluble solutes and solvents like in this experiment. During the distillation process, the water is heated into the gas phase of the vapor leaving the salts deposits, then condenses back into liquid form that is then collected. The process is then repeated again to improve the water purity (Porteous, 2010). This method was obtained because pure water can be obtained 3. Crystallization This technique is a process of solid crystals formation from a solution. This technique is a technique of separating solids and liquids in which transfer of solute from a solution to a solid crystalline which pure occurs (Jones, 2002). This method was chosen because pure solutes can be obtained. Modifications made, and justification for the changes 1. In evaporation, I applied some heat from flames to the containers holding solution of water and salt. I applied the heat to increase the rate of evaporation instead of leaving it open in the air and under the sunshine that is slow. 2. I used ice in the condenser to condense maximum amount of vapor. Moreover, I re-distilled the condensed water to get maximum dissolved salts again. 3. In crystallization, I left the crystallization process to proceed slowly undisturbed instead of fast cooling. This was to prevent impurities from getting attached to the salts and also to get bigger crystals. Ways to ensure the accuracy To ensure accuracy, I ensured that the same amount of solvent and solution was used in the three experiments. Moreover, an equal amount of time was applied on all the experiments to get accurate results. Lastly, I ensured that the salts and the water had no impurities that could affect their boiling points. Ways to ensure reliability Reliability in the techniques was determined by the experiments producing consistent results. To ensure reliability, I started with the evaporation method which the results were salt and water, distillation and crystallization also produced consistent results of salt and water.Ways to ensure validity Validity indicates the extent to which the applied technique in the separation process separated the components it was intended to separate. To ensure the validity, I ensured that salt and water which were the components of the solution that was to be separated were the end products. The process requires a lot of heat energy which might be expensive. However, solar heat is slow and evaporates small quantities of the solution. The method is suitable in situations where salt is the only product needed. However, collection of water vapor is difficultDistillation The distillation process desalinate water removes dangerous heavy metals like mercury, arsenic and lead, and the soluble salts that harden the water such as magnesium, calcium and phosphorous. Therefore, it is preferable for distillation of drinking water. However, this process is ineffective in separation of soluble salts that has lower boiling points than water such as synthetic chemicals, chlorine solutions, herbicides and pesticides (Porteous, 2010). Moreover, it requires large source of heat which is costly. Lastly, the distillation process strips water its natural trace elements; hence the hydrogen composition in water increases and makes water acidic (Porteous, 2010). Crystallization The process is complex compared to the evaporation method. It is also unsuitable where water is to be collected as an end product. However, it is advantageous since pure salts can be obtained for usage (Jones, 2002). b) Suggestions of possible improvements Alternative sources of heat could be used such as the use of solar energy to reduce high costs incurred in the evaporation and distillation process. Despite the fact that solar energy cannot produce a high amount of energy needed to heat the large amount of the solution for a longer duration of time, it is the best cost-wise. Given that some dissolved salts have lower boiling points than the water hence difficult to separate them from water, the boiling point of water can be lowered by lowering the gas pressure above the liquid. The distillation process strips water its natural trace elements, hence making water to be acidic due to increased proportion of hydrogen. To avoid water being acidic, beneficial salts can be added into the water for human consumption such as calcium that is good in formation of bones. References Holland, C. D. (2005). Fundamentals and modeling of separation processes: absorption, distillation, evaporation, and extraction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. Jones, A. G. (2002). Crystallization process systems. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Porteous, A. (2010). Saline water distillation processes. London: Longman. Source document

Le concept du luxe

Le concept du luxe PARTIE I: APPROCHE THEORIQUE Chapitre 1 Introduction de luxe 1.1. Le concept du luxe Quest-ce que le luxe? Le mot LUXE provient du latin  « luxus  » qui veut dire somptuosità © excessive et ostentatoire. Il signifie, selon le petit Larousse:  «somptuosità © excessive, faste, richesse ». Cette notion a connu plusieurs changements dà ©s le 17e Sià ¨cle, et à   laube du 21e Sià ¨cle, le luxe nest plus nà ©cessairement somptueux, ni mà ªme rà ©servà © à   certains privilà ©già ©s, selon Michel GODET, dans son ouvrage  «le luxe dans tous ses à ©tats ». Le luxe se banalise et se dà ©mode de plus en plus vite, par rapport au passà ©. Le mot luxe dà ©fini par Le PETIT ROBERT est  «un mode de vie caractà ©risà © par de grandes dà ©penses consacrà ©es à   lacquisition de biens superflus, par gout de lostentation et du plus grand bien-à ªtre. » En rà ©alità ©, il est difficile de lui donner une dà ©finition unique et prà ©cise. Beaucoup de professionnels du luxe, à ©conomistes, chercheurs, sociologues, les clients du luxe, essaient de lui donner une dà ©finition prà ©cise, mais pour linstant il reste un concept subjectif. Comme laffirme Jean-Noà «l Kapferer dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige » en à ©crivant que le concept de luxe nest pas une catà ©gorie dans labsolue, mais un ensemble relatif qui ne peut à ªtre dissocià © de la structure politique et sociale du sià ¨cle auquel il appartient[1]. Si on demande à   la population ce que luxe signifie selon eux, les rà ©ponses seront trà ¨s diffà ©rents, parce quà   chacun son luxe[2]! Dailleurs, les frontià ¨res du luxe se dà ©placent avec les conditions de vie, les classes et les cultures, prà ©sentà ©es dans la lecture de Jean Philippe Antoine. Michel GODET,  «le luxe dans tous ses à ©tats », le luxe se dà ©finit dabord comme un mode de vie gà ©nà ©ralement associà © à   des dà ©penses importantes pour lacquisition de biens superflus. Donc le luxe est tout dabord se traduit par un rà ´le sociologique: un mode de vie. Le mot superflu signifie Satisfaire des besoins dont on na pas besoin[3], et que celui ci nest pas indispensable et quil nest pas un besoin ordinaire de la vie. 1.2 Les caractà ©ristique dun produit de luxe Malgrà © les nombreuses dà ©finitions proposà ©es par diffà ©rentes personnes telles que des professionnels du luxe, à ©conomistes, chercheurs, sociologues, les consommateurs, le luxe se caractà ©rise toujours par les 5 crità ¨resdà ©finis ci-dessous: La qualità © Lindustrie du luxe est basà ©e sur une qualità © supà ©rieure des ces produits ou de ces services. La meilleure qualità © est la principale caractà ©ristique du luxe. Pour devenir un luxe, il doit y avoir des diffà ©rences nettes par rapport aux produits de la consommation de masse. Parmi les composantes dun objet de luxe, on trouve toujours une và ©ritable supà ©riorità © technique qualitative ou technologique[4]. Par exemple, chez Rolls-Royce, chaque partie de leurs và ©hicules sont uniquement fabriquà ©es à   la main, donc les voitures de la production industrielle ne peuvent pas remplacer sa position unique. Rolls-Royce se distingue donc par sa qualità © supà ©rieure et cette caractà ©ristique le dà ©marquant clairement des autres marques. La haute couture de luxe se distingue particulià ¨rement par leur design, la texture de haute qualità ©. Le luxe est prà ©sent aussi dans le secteur des services. Par exemple, dans un lhà ´tel de luxe dont le service est de haute qualità © proposant un trà ©s grand confort et plaisir. Donc latout et la principale caractà ©ristiques de luxe du luxe est forcà ©ment supà ©rieur aux les produits ordinaires. La raretà © Selon Vincent Bastien, la raretà © est centrale dans lidentità © du luxe. La Raretà © est un caractà ¨re trà ¨s essentiel pour le luxe ce qui le distingue des produits de masse. Le PDG de cartier international, Bernard Fornas, a dit que  « Je dois gà ©rer la dà ©sirabilità © de cette maison, il faut maintenir le ratio entre disponibilità © et raretà ©Ã‚ ». Vincent Bastien distingue deux grands types de raretà © dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige »: un cotà © la raretà © physique qui comprend les ingrà ©dients, les processus de production comme par exemple dans la haute couture oà ¹ les habits sont fabriquà ©s à   la main par un grand couturier et donc chaque pià ¨ce est unique dans le monde. Dun autre cotà © il y a une raretà © virtuelle ou impression de raretà ©, signifià ©e, crà ©Ãƒ ©e et entretenue par la communication elle-mà ªme. Si un produit de luxe perd de sa raretà ©, si un jour on le trouve dans nimporte quel magasin, et tout le monde peut donc possà ©der ce produit, alors il ne sera pas classà © et reconnu comme un produit de luxe, mais un produit de grande consommation. Cest pourquoi les entreprise de luxe font des efforts pour prà ©server la raretà © de son produit: Cartier a rà ©duit le nombre de rà ©fà ©rences dans sa ligne,  « Must », diminuà © le nombre de ses points de vente en particulier chez les opà ©rateurs  « Duty Free  », et lancà © un dà ©partement  « Private Collection  » pour les montres de prestige[5]. Le prix Quand on pense le mot  «luxe », on pense tout de suite à    «cher ». Saphia Richou a dit dans son ouvrage  «le luxe dans tous ses à ©tats » que le produit de luxe est forcà ©ment cher et il est cher parce quil est rare et de qualità ©[6]. Cest la raretà ©, la production en nombre limità ©, et la qualità © qui rend le produit de luxe distinctif par rapport aux produits de masse. Dailleurs, il faut prendre en compte de la valeur imaginaire de luxe. Daprà ¨s Vincent Bastien dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige », le prix indique la valeur dà ©change dun produit, mais ce qui fait le luxe est la valeur symbolique. Cela signifie quune marque de luxe peut demander un prix dautant plus à ©levà © que sa valeur symbolique est plus forte.[7] Pour lauteur de la Thà ©orie de la classe de loisir datà ©e de 1899, lobjet de luxe est cher parce que tout ce qui  «est absolument ravissant est synonyme de pà ©cuniairement honorifique ». [8] Donc sans ce prix à ©levà ©, les produits de luxe nexisteraient pas. Le superflu Comme prà ©sentà © dans la dà ©finition de luxe,  «Le mot superflu signifie Satisfaire des besoins dont on na pas besoin[9], et que celui ci nest pas indispensable et quil nest pas un besoin ordinaire de la vie. ». Raconte une histoire 1.3 Les trois cercles du luxe Jean Castarà ¨de, dans on ouvrage  «le luxe », classifie le secteur du luxe selon trois cercles prà ©sentà ©s au dessous: Le Superluxe accessible à   quelques-uns. Daprà ¨s Jean Castarà ¨de, Les produits sont alors uniques et sur mesure. Par exemple, celui de la haute de coutume, les moyens de transport (les voiture de luxe, les avions privà ©s..), la joaillerie de luxe, les Å“uvre dart. Son Chiffre daffaire estimà © est de 35,5 milliards deuros[10]. Le deuxià ¨me cercle est plus abordable, qui sont plutà ´t des dà ©clinaisons du luxe[11].Ce cercle correspond aux secteurs traditionnels du luxe. Par exemples, les prà ªts à   porter, les bagages, les accessoires, les montres, les stylos. Son Chiffre daffaire est de 45 milliards deuros[12]. Le troisià ¨me cercle correspond aux produits particuliers par rapport aux produits de masse, comme les parfums, les cosmà ©tiques haut de gamme, les spiritueux de luxe. Son Chiffre daffaire dans le monde est environ 98,5 milliards deuros.[13] Source:  «Le luxe », Jean Castarà ¨de, 1992, P62 1.4 Les trois niveaux de luxe Danielle Allà ©rà ¨s, dans son ouvrage  «LUXE†¦.Stratà ©gies Marketing », distingue trois niveaux de luxe: Luxe inaccessible, luxe intermà ©diaire et luxe accessible qui correspondent bien aux 3 cercles de Jean Castarà ¨de. Je vais retirer lessentiel de ces dà ©finitions pour quon puisse mieux comprendre les spà ©cificità ©s de chaque niveau des produits de luxe. * Le luxe inaccessible Le luxe des modà ¨les exclusifs, parfois rà ©alisà ©s à   la main et à   lunità ©. Il correspond à   des produits de qualità © inà ©galà ©e et exceptionnelle, rare, voire unique, et prà ©cieux possà ©dant une certaine perfection de rà ©alisation, par exemple, la haute couture de Chanel. Son prix est extrà ªmement à ©levà © et sa mà ©thode de communication est trà ¨s sà ©lective, prestigieuse et intimiste. Le luxe inaccessible utilise beaucoup en hors mà ©dia les à ©và ©nements sportifs et culturels et en mà ©dia une presse trà ¨s sà ©lective, comme les magazines de mode trà ¨s  «select ». * Le luxe intermà ©diaire Le luxe intermà ©diaire est de trà ¨s grande qualità © mais moins parfait et moins rare que le luxe inaccessible. Par rapport au luxe inaccessible, son prix est dà ©jà   plus accessible mais fait nà ©anmoins lobjet dune rà ©flexion trà ¨s poussà ©e. Son cible de consommateurs est plus large par rapport à   celui de luxe inaccessible. Daniel Allà ©rà ¨s nous a dit que, le luxe intermà ©diaire correspond à   une classe sociale intermà ©diaire qui souhaite conserver ses distances par rapport aux autres classes sociales. Les consommateurs de luxe intermà ©diaire souhaitent se distinguer des autres. * Le luxe accessible Les produits de luxe accessibles sont fabriquà ©s en sà ©rie et plus rapidement. On peut citer, par exemple, les parfums et les cosmà ©tique. Cest un marchà © trà ¨s concurrentiel. Dans ce marchà ©, les consommateurs nont pas suffisamment de connaissances sur les produits, par exemple, les fonctions dun produit soin de la peau, ou un nouvel odorat dun parfum, donc ils sont beaucoup influencà ©s par la publicità ©. La communication repose sur tous les mà ©dias. Source:  «LUXE†¦.Stratà ©gies Marketing », Danielle Allà ©rà ¨s, P169 207 1.5 Etude de marchà © du secteur du luxe 1.5.1 Le Chiffre daffaire depuis 2000 Touchà © par la crise financià ¨re de 2009, le secteur du luxe dans sa globalità © à   connu une forte rà ©cession. Quelle est la taille du marchà © du luxeactuellement ? Si nous prenons le luxe dans sa forme la plus reduite: mode, accessoires y compris la maroquinerie, produits cosmà ©tiques et parfums, vins et spiritueux, etc, les ventes sont de 175 milliards deuros, comme on peut le constater sur le graphique ci dessous. Touchà ©e par la crise financià ¨re de 2008, en 2009, le marchà © du luxe a chutà © de 10%, soit 157 milliards deuros, aprà ¨s 5 ans de croissance constante depuis 2003. Cest surtout le marchà © europà ©en qui est plus touchà © par la crise; par contre, les Etats-Unis et surtout lAsie sont moins influencà ©s. Si nous prenons compte les voitures et les voyages de luxe, la taille du marchà © serait proche de 250 milliards deuros[14], selon lestimation en 2007. Ces chiffres nous permettent davoir une idà ©e gà ©nà ©rale de la taille du marchà © du luxe. Source: Traitement Xerfi Global: donnà ©es primaires sources national et Bain Comany 1.5.2 Le marchà © mondial du luxe par secteur Le marchà © du vestimentaire reprà ©sente le premier segment du marchà © du luxe, soit 32,1% dans le marchà © mondial du luxe (voir le graphique). Influencà © par la crise financià ¨re de 2009, ses ventes baissent de 15% par rapport à   lannà ©e prà ©cà ©dente. Les accessoires diminuent ses ventes aussi, et ils reprà ©sentent 18% du marchà ©. Nà ©anmoins, à ©tant le luxe accessible, les parfums et les cosmà ©tiques rà ©sistent bien à   la crise de 2009.[15] Source: Xerfi 2008 1.5.3 le marchà © mondial du luxe par gà ©ographie Dans sur le graphique ci-dessous, la taille des bulles reprà ©sente la taille proportionnelle du marchà © du luxe dans diffà ©rents pays. A travers ce graphique, on peut observer, quà   cause de la crise, lEurope et lAmà ©riques qui reprà ©sente la plus gros du marchà © (70% ensemble), ont connu une baisse importante. Le Japon, quant à   lui, continue à   reculer depuis 2007. En revanche, lAsie (hors Japon) sen sort plutà ´t bien, grà ¢ce à   la croissance des ventes provenant de la Chine et de lInde.[16] Dailleurs, le reste du monde(Moyen-Orient) a une tendance à   augmenter. 1.5.4 Les principaux acteurs du luxe Comme nous pouvons constater dans le tableau au-dessous, aujourdhui, le marchà © de luxe est dominà © par des grands groupes multimarques, comme LVMH, Richemont, et Gucci Group (PPR); et quelques marques amà ©ricaines(Està ©e Lauder), et Japonaises (Shiseido). Dailleurs, nous pouvons aussi remarquer que ce sont les entreprises franà §aises et Italiennes qui dominent le secteur de luxe. Classement des leaders mondiaux du luxe Source: Traitement Xerfi Global daprà ¨s Opà ©rateurs, presse à ©conomique et greffes des tribunaux de commerce. LVMH, le leader mondial du luxe, à   rà ©alisà © son Chiffre daffaire de 17,2 milliard deuro en 2008, qui est trà ¨s impressionnant. Le groupe a un portefeuille de prà ¨s de 60 marques prestigieuses[17], y compris Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior, Fendi, Marc Jacobs, Givenchy, Guerlain†¦ses 5 actività ©s principales sont: Vin et spiritueux (18,1% du CA) Mode et maroquinerie (34,8% du CA) Parfums et Cosmà ©tique (16,6% du CA) Montres et Joaillerie (5,1% du CA) Distribution sà ©lective (25,4% du CA)[18] Le groupe Richemont, le second acteur principal de ce marchà ©, dispose 18 marques de luxedans 5 domaines: Joaillerie, Horlogerie, instruments dà ©criture, et cuiraccessoire et mode (Cartier, Van CleefArpels, Piaget, Lancel, Montblan, Chloà ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦).En 2008, son Chiffre daffaire sà ©là ¨ve 5,4 milliard deuro. [19] Està ©e Lauder, une entreprise amà ©ricaine, Shiseido, une entreprise japonaise, et lorà ©al (produit de luxe), une entreprise franà §aise sont trois entreprises leaders mondiaux de la beautà © et de la cosmà ©tique haute gamme. Chapitre 2 La marque de luxe et les stratà ©gies marketing 2.1 La marque de luxe La dà ©finition de marque de luxe, proposà © par Michel Chevalier dans son ouvrage  «Management et Marketing du luxe » est quune marque sà ©lective et exclusive, qui apporte une valeur à ©motionnelle et crà ©ative supplà ©mentaire au consommateur.[20] Danielle Allà ©rà ©s dans son ouvrage  «luxe†¦ mà ©tiers et management atypiques », a donnà © la dà ©finition dune marque de luxe. Selon elle, la marque de luxe se distingue des marques de consommation courante par son nom, souvent la marque de luxe prend le nom de son crà ©ateur dorigine, ses immeubles, dont les plus significatifs sont les lieux de crà ©ation passà ©s ou contemporains, les boutiques lià ©es au crà ©ateur et à   la crà ©ation de sa maison et de sa marque, et les lieux de fabrication[21], les crà ©ateurs, les crà ©ations, produits, objets ou services, les plus importantes, en terme de proposition et daudace artistique ou esthà ©tique, comme le Parfum N °5 de Chanel[22], une histoire lià ©e à   son ou à   ses crà ©ateurs successifs, leurs personnalità ©s, leurs engagement esthà ©tiques 2.2 Identità © de marque 2.2.1 La dà ©finition didentità © de marque Comme tout le monde le sait, les grandes marques comme Louis Vuitton, Hermà ¨s, Rolex, Chanel, Peugeot, Lacoste, sont des marques fortes qui ont une grande valeur. Une marque forte contribue de faà §on significative à   la rà ©ussite des entreprises. Gà ©raldine Michel, dans son ouvrage  « au cÅ“ur de la marque » prà ©sente que pour dà ©velopper des marques fortes, les entreprises doivent mettre en place une gestion stratà ©gique de leurs marques qui implique la dà ©finition dune identità © de marque riche et claire.[23] Donc quest-ce que lidentità © dune marque? Gà ©raldine Michel a donnà © sa dà ©finition didentità © dune marque:  «lidentità © reprà ©sente la faà §on dont la marque veut à ªtre perà §ue, par opposition à   limage, qui est la faà §on dont la marque est rà ©ellement perà §ue par les consommateurs[24] ». Selon cette dà ©finition, on peut deviner que tout dabord, lidentità © dune marque correspond à   la faà §on quelle se ‘raconte aux consommateurs et elle est  «la rà ©sultante dans lesprit des consommateurs de lensemble des caractà ©ristiques de la marque »[25]. les caractà ©ristiques comme le nom de la marque, son logo, son prix, sa distribution, sa publicità ©, lhistoire de son entreprise. Comme cest une notion trà ¨s vaste mais relativement stable par rapport à   limage de la marque.  «Cest lidentità © qui permet ainsi de guider les dà ©cisions importantes sur la marque et qui garantit la cohà ©rence des diverses actions entreprises dans le temps ».[26] Kevin Lane Keller, Professeur dans  «Dartmouth College », prà ©cise que  « Lidentità © de la marque reflà ¨te la contribution de tous les à ©là ©ments de la marque à   sa notorià ©tà © et à   son image  ». Franà §oise Montenay, dans son ouvrage  «Management et Marketing du luxe », propose une dà ©finition plus prà ©cise de lidentità © dune marqueen concluant que le fait, pour une marque, de pouvoir à ªtre reconnue comme unique, dans la durà ©e, sans nulle confusion, grà ¢ce aux à ©là ©ments qui lindividualisent.[27] Selon Jean-Noel Kapeerer, lidentità © ne se plaque pas, mais se nourrit des racines de la marque, de son hà ©ritage, de tout ce qui lui donne son unique autorità © et sa là ©gitimità © dans un territoire de valeurs et de bà ©nà ©fices prà ©cis. Elle traduit son ADN, les ggà ©nes de la marque. Lidentità © de la marque est la base et le fondement identitaire des actività ©s de la marque. Cela peut servir doutil de gestion pour les dà ©cisions prises par les entreprises. Donc aujourdhui elle est devenue indispensable dans notre socià ©tà © 2.2.2 le prisme didentità © Selon Jean Noel Kapferer(1998), lidentità © dune marque contient six facettes qui construisent le prisme didentità © de la marque. Ces facettes sont le physique, la personnalità ©, la culture, la relation, le reflet et la mentalisation. Le prisme didentità © de la marque Source :  « Les marques, capital de lentreprise  » JN Kapferer (1998) * La dimension physique  «La dimension physique correspond à   là ©là ©ment tangible de la marque, ce sont les produits ou services, mais aussi les symboles et les couleurs associà ©s à   la marque[28] ». Cest le fondement et la base de la marque. Cest là ©là ©ment prà ©cis qui vient immà ©diatement à   lesprit des consommateurs quand lon parle de la marque.  «Cest ensemble de caractà ©ristiques sensorielles et objectives[29] ». Dans le domaine de luxe, la marque Chanel est associà ©e à   fà ©minin  «total look » pour femme; Hermà ¨s est associà © aux matà ©riaux nobles et objets en cuir; et quant à   la marque Louis Vuitton, cest qui vient à   lesprit aux consommateurs, cest des produits de qualità ©, fonctionnels et aussi identifiable, par un logo trà ¨s reconnaissable le monogramme LV.  · La dimension personnalità ©  «La dimension personnalità © reprà ©sente les traits de caractà ¨re associà ©s à   la marque. » [30] Cest un mode dexpression des produits ou des services. On se demande toujours la question comme si cà ©tait une personne, quel serait son caractà ¨re? La marque de luxe reprà ©sente souvent une personne vivante, rà ©elle, et crà ©atrice qui a une personnalità © forte et a un caractà ¨re remarquable. Comme pour la marque de luxe Yves Saint Laurent, son crà ©ateur a donnà © son caractà ¨re  «provocant, sà ©duisant et inaccessible à   sa marque »[31]; La marque Chanel est donnà © le caractà ¨re crà ©ative, perfectionniste, audacieuse, instinctive, sobre et sophistiquà ©e. Le caractà ¨re de la marque Louis Vuitton est simple, à ©là ©gante, et moderne. Hermà ¨s est chaleureux, sportive et à ©là ©gante. * La dimension culture La dimension culture correspond au systà ¨me de valeur et une culture propre lià ©e à   la marque. Pour J.N Kapferer,  «cest la facette essentielle de lidentità © dune marque de luxe, et pour connaitre son ADN, ses soubassements culturels, on doit ausculter tous les signes identitaires de la marque de luxe ».[32] * La dimension relation Il sagit de la relation entre la marque et ses consommateurs. Cest la communication sociale de la marque. La marque Chanel a donnà © la libertà © aux femmes; La marque Gucci se rattache fortement à   la sà ©duction et diesel à   la provocation. Hermà ¨s est associà © à   la confiance et à   la fidà ©lità ©. * La dimension reflet La dimension reflet est comme un  «miroir externe de la cible ». Il exprime « limage que la marque donne à   sa cible »[33].JN Kapferer dà ©crit ici de  «perception du marchà ©Ã‚ ». La marque Chanel donne à   sa cible le reflet des femmes modernes et à ©là ©gantes, et limage quHermà ¨s veut donner à   sa cible est classique, haute qualità © et aristocratie. * La mentalisation La mentalisation de la marque correspond au regard que pose le consommateur sur lui-mà ªme quand il utilise le produit[34]. Les consommateurs de Chanel se perà §oivent comme des femmes libà ©rà ©es et qui ont un style de vie à ©là ©gant. Ces six dimensions dà ©finissent lidentità © de la marque. La prise didentità © dune marque de luxe ne doit jamais à ªtre banale.[35] 2.2.3Exprimer son identità © de marque  «Rien ne sert de dà ©finir une identità © si celle-ci nest pas exprimà ©e clairement et fortement sur le marchà ©Ã‚ »[36]. Pour sexprimer son identità © (le produit, le logo, sa communication, son marketing etc), la marque dispose de ces diffà ©rents à ©là ©ments, comme le nom de la marque, le logo, le packaging, le symbole et autres signes de reconnaissance.  · Nom de marques Parmi les nombreux à ©là ©ments constitutifs de lidentità © dune marque, le plus important dentre eux est son nom, comme  «il reste le premier signe de reconnaissance dune marque »[37]. Les consommateurs reconnaissent une marque surtout à   travers son nom. Le choix du nom est un à ©là ©ment trà ¨s important dans la vie dune marque. Un nom de marque doit à ªtre distinctif des autres. Un nom avec une personnalità © forte contribuent forcà ©ment plus à   lidentità © dune marque par rapport à   un nom banal. [38] Par ailleurs, un nom doit reflà ©ter lidentità © de la marque. Gà ©raldine Michel, dans son ouvrage «Au cÅ“ur de la marque », a dit que  «de toute fois, ce nest pas le nom qui donne la personnalità © à   la marque, cest lidentità © de la marque qui donne une signification au nom »[39]. Donc il est trà ¨s dangereux de donner un nom de marque qui ne correspond pas ou ne reflà ¨te pas son identità © propre.  «Quel que soit le secteur dactività ©, un nom à   forte symbolique sà ©duit les consommateurs uniquement sil est cohà ©rent avec les valeurs de la marque »[40].Pour le produit de luxe, il est essentiel que le nom reflà ¨te son identità © qui se distingue par rapport aux autres, tout en restant trà ¨s crà ©atif. Souvent le nom dune marque de luxe provient de son crà ©ateur dorigine et quil identifie de son createur. Par exemple le nom de la marque Yves Saint Laurent, vient de son fondateur Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint Laurent, donc Saint Laurent ne vient jamais à   lesprit des Consommateurs sans Yves.[41] Le nom de la marque Chanel utilise le nom de famille de sa crà ©atrice Coco Chanel. La marque Louis Vuitton a pris entià ¨rement le nom de son crà ©ateur Louis Vuitton. Cest le mà ªme cas pour Christian Dior, Hermà ¨s. Catherine Veillà ©, directeur Gà ©nà ©ral Ipsos Insight Marques, a dit que  «Dans le luxe, les noms de marques doivent venir rà ©veiller là ©go de la marque. Il faut savoir puiser et retraduire par sa sà ©mantique, cette relation fusionnelle qui existe entre la marque et le client du luxe. Cest ainsi que les noms de marques de luxe se diffà ©rencient de celles du mass-premium  ».[42] Comme le nom dune marque reflà ¨te son identità ©, il faut à ªtre trà ¨s prudent face à   un changement de nom de la marque, surtout pour un nom qui a pris racine dans la mà ©moire collective, parce quil risque de perdre son originalità ©, sa notorià ©tà © et son identità © au cours de ce changement. * Logos Le Logo est une faà §on particulià ¨re de dà ©crire une marque. Elle est lidentità © visuelle de la marque, une reprà ©sentation de la faà §on dont la marque sexprime graphiquement  «Les logos sont les blasons des temps modernes une combinaison de lettres ou de signes, une image, un idà ©ogramme, ou un groupe dà ©là ©ments graphiques ».[43] La prise en compte des spà ©cificità ©s locales des logos est un facteur important, comme les perceptions varient beaucoup dans les pays diffà ©rents. Au japon, les logos sont mieux acceptà ©es par rapport les europà ©ennes et les amà ©ricaine.  «Si une majorità © deuropà ©ens refusent de porter une cravate arborant lacronyme dune marque, cela ne pose pas de problà ¨me aux amà ©ricaines, et une telle pratique pourrait bien devenir une và ©ritable mode au Japon », [44]dite Franà §oise Montenay dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige ».  «La marque Louis Vuitton, par exemple, propose à   sa clientà ¨le japonaise des sacs fortement «monogrammà ©s »; pour les consommateurs europà ©ens, la marque propose un tissu dans les mà ªme couleurs, mais avec un motif damier, ou bien des cuirs à ©pi ou taà ¯ga, ou le monogramme napparait quà ©pisodiquement »[45]. 2.3 Les paradoxes du luxe Comme on en a dà ©jà   parlà © dans le premier chapitre, les produits de luxe se distinguent des produits de masse, et possà ¨dent leurs propres caractà ¨res: ils sont rares, superflus, prà ©cieux, chers, haut de gamme, originals, prestigieux, somptueux, parfaits, etc. Le luxe est donc un secteur pas comme les autres! La question quon se pose est: est-ce quon peut manager une marque de luxe en utilisant les rà ¨gles traditionnelles qui sappliquent pour les produits de consommation de masse? Jean Noel Kapferer donne sa rà ©ponse dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige »:  «Non. Pour manager la marque de luxe, il faut oublier nombre de lois du marketing. Celles-ci sappliquent bien aux marques, y compris premium, et mà ªme au  «trading up », [46]mais pas au luxe ». Donc à   partir de sa rà ©ponse, on voit que les rà ¨gles traditionnelles ne marchent pas pour des produits de luxe, et les rà ¨gles pour le luxe sont au contraire ceux du marketing traditionnel. Noel Kapferer nomme les stratà ©gies du luxe  «les rà ¨gles anti-lois »[47]. Comme on a parlà © dans le chapitre avant que le luxe se banalise considà ©rablement ces dernià ¨res annà ©es, et les produits de luxe sont accessibles aux plus grand nombre.  «On pourrait croire quen se dà ©mocratisant le marchà © du luxe a perdu de sa spà ©cificità © et que, ce faisant, son marketing ne se distingue plus guà ¨re du marketing des produits et services de grande consommation ».[48] Malgrà © la dà ©mocratisation des produits de luxe, le marketing de luxe a un caractà ¨re profondà ©ment paradoxal. On va ensuit analyser les cinq principaux paradoxes du marketing dans le marchà © du luxe que Bernard Dubois a identifià ©[49]. * Le paradoxe de la demande Dans le marketing traditionnel, Selon B. Dubois,  «on peut sinterroger sur lexistence de deux marchà ©s du luxe, lun investi de reprà ©sentations et de symboles dans lesquels les marques constituent autant de signes du paraà ®tre ; lautre fait dauthenticità © et de recherche dabsolu oà ¹ les remarques fournissent des repà ¨res dexcellence[50] » * Le paradoxe du produit Dans le marketing classique, avant de lancer un produit, on effectue une à ©tude de marchà © pour comprendre les besoins et les attentes des consommateurs, puis on crà ©e ou on à ©labore un produit qui doit leur correspondre. Cest comme la naissance du micro-ondes qui est en partie en raison du fait quaujourdhui les femmes ont peu de temps pour faire la cuisine, donc on a inventà © t appareil pour gagner du temps pour prà ©parer le repas et donc rà ©pondre à   cette demande prà ©cise. Cest la conception quon lappelle  «produit-rà ©ponse » Paradoxalement, cette conception de  «produit rà ©ponse » semble ne pas sappliquer au luxe.  «Le marketing du luxe est un marketing de proposition, oà ¹ linitiative est toujours dans le camp du crà ©ateur »[51]. Par exemple, pour un client dun habit de haute couture de Chanel, elle a nullement envie que Coco chanel lui demande comment cet habit doit à ªtre. Au contraire,  «Elle achà ¨te le gà ©nie du couturier et ne demande quà   à ªtre sà ©duite et à ©blouie »[52]. Les consommateurs achà ¨tent du luxe pour se faire plaisir, montrer sa rà ©ussite et rà ©aliser ses rà ªves, au lieu de satisfaire un besoin particulier. Prenons le sac de Louis Vuitton par exemple, on peut surement trouver un sac avec exactement la mà ªme fonction et la mà ªme capacità ©. Cela veut dire que le sac en lui-mà ªme ne possà ¨de aucun avantage supplà ©mentaire pratique mais sa possesseurs obtient un certains prestiges que seul ce sac peut procurer. Donc pour les consommateurs, le grand plaisir et la satisfaction que le sac de Louis Vuitton leur donne est bien supà ©rieur que celui procurà © par un sac sans marque, malgrà © la mà ªme capacità © à   terme de fonction. Donc cest pourquoi dans le luxe, il est primordial danalyser la satisfaction et le besoin du cà ´tà © symbolique et psychologique des consommateurs, daprà ¨s Dubois. Cependant, malgrà © tout, il est important pour le luxe à   à ©tudier le marchà ©, parce qu «elles seront simplement plus confirmatoires quexploratoires, centrà ©es non sur les attentes, mais sur les rà ©actions et prà ©fà ©rences du marchà ©[53] ». * Le paradoxe du prix Dans le marketing traditionnel, pour le produit hors du luxe, la structure de prix est à   la base de coà »t, et lintensità © des concurrences prà ©sentes sur le marchà ©. Nà ©anmoins, dans le monde du luxe, selon Dubois, le prix de vente est essentiellement dà ©terminà © par la  «valeur imaginaire », malgrà © que ces deux à ©là ©ments ci-dessous soient pris en compte aussi. Pour un produit de luxe, là ©cart entre le coà »t des matià ¨res premià ¨res et le prix de vente est considà ©rable. Quand à   la concurrence, cet à ©là ©ment semble moins prà ©pondà ©rant. Daprà ¨s Michel Chevalier,  «dans le luxe, il ny a que de lunique, mais pas dexpression dun avantage par rapport à   un concurrent », donc la notion d «avantage concurrentiel » nexiste pas dans le luxe. Chaque marque a son propre identità ©, et son consommateur identifie la marque par rapport à   cette identità ©. Un produit de luxe ne se fait rà ©fà ©rence quà   lui-mà ªme, et il na pas besoin de comparer le prix avec ces concurrents. Comme Chevalier a dit que  «le luxe est superlatif et non comparatif. Il est prà ©fà ¨re à ªtre fidà ©lità © à   une identità © que se soucier toujours dune supà ©riorità © par rapport à   un concurrent »[54]. Par exemple, un client qui achà ¨te un parfum de Coco Chanel, ne va pas comparer avec les autres marques de parfum e t sans vraiment chercher à   savoir ce qui est mieux ou moins bien, parce que ce quelle achà ¨te, cest lidentità © de la marque; il parait impossible de comparer une robe de Dior avec une robe de HM.  «Dans le luxe, on crà ©e dabord un produit, puis on voit à   quel prix on peut le vendre, ce prix à ©tant dautant plus à ©levà © que le client perà §oit cette offre comme du luxe »[55], dit Chevalier. * Le paradoxe de la distribution Isabelle Barbà ©ris dans son article  « les nouveaux paradoxes du luxe » a dit que  «un paradoxe de la distribution, qui nous renvoie au dà ©sir à ©galement paradoxal dà ©chapper à   la distribution grand public tout en prà ©servant une accessibilità © du produits[56] » Pour les produits de la grande consommation, pour rà ©ussir leurs ventes, ils doivent facilement à ªtre accessibles aux consommateurs, et donc la force de leurs rà ©seaux de distribution provient de la taille et du nombre de points de vente. On à ©value souvent le succà ¨s du lancement dun produit en reprenant le nombre de points de ventes qui ont acceptà © de les vendre. Dans le domaine de luxe, la situation est bien diffà ©rente. Une diffusion trop importante dun produit de luxe baisse la raretà © de ce dernier et nuit à   limage de la marque, qui sont des à ©là ©ments clà © des dà ©cisions dachat des consommateurs.  «La distribution doit gà ©rer la raretà ©Ã‚ », dit Jean-Noel Kapferer dans son ouvrage «luxe oblige ». Cest pourquoi les grandes maisons de luxe choisissent la distribution sà ©lective,  «qui devient le meilleur moyen de contrà ´ler la commercialisation de la gamme de produits au niveau de chaque point de vente »[57]. Louis Vuitton dà ©veloppe un rà ©seau entier de boutiques exclusives, celui lui permet aussi de gà ©rer la relation entre lui et ses clients. * Le paradoxe de la communication La communication dune marque auprà ¨s de ses consommateurs est un facteur clà © pour rà ©ussir. Dans le marketing traditionnel, plus on communique sur la marque, plus il est connu, et plus il sera vendu. Dans le domaine du